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Correlates of benzodiazepine dependence in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety.

AbstractAIMS:
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are effective in the short term against anxiety and insomnia. However, some BZD users develop BZD dependence after a relatively short period of time. Therefore, we aimed to identify the risk factors of BZD dependence.
DESIGN:
An observational cohort study.
SETTING:
The Netherlands.
PARTICIPANTS:
Four hundred and one BZD users of the 2981 participants of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) were included.
MEASUREMENTS:
Socio-demographic, physical, psychological, addiction-related and BZD use-related characteristics were investigated as possible correlates of BZD dependence severity. Dependence severity was measured by the three subscales of the Benzodiazepine Self-Report Questionnaire, comprising problematic use, preoccupation and lack of compliance.
FINDINGS:
In multivariate analyses, problematic use was associated with more GP contacts in the past 6 months (β = 0.170, P = 0.001) and severity of insomnia (β = 0.145, P = 0.004). Preoccupation was related to anxiety severity (β = 0.194, P = 0.001), antidepressant use (β = 0.197, P < 0.001), alcohol dependence (β = 0.185, P < 0.001) and a higher daily dosage of BZD (β = 0.160, P = 0.001). Lack of compliance was associated with higher age (β = 0.122, P = 0.03), unemployment (β = 0.105, P = 0.04), insomnia (β = 0.129, P = 0.01), antidepressant use (β = 0.148, P = 0.002) and alcohol dependence (β = 0.108, P = 0.02).
CONCLUSIONS:
Insomnia, antidepressant use and alcohol dependence may increase the risk of benzodiazepine dependence among individuals who use benzodiazepines.
AuthorsLeonie Manthey, Marijke Lohbeck, Erik J Giltay, Tineke van Veena, Frans G Zitman, Brenda W J H Penninx
JournalAddiction (Abingdon, England) (Addiction) Vol. 107 Issue 12 Pg. 2173-82 (Dec 2012) ISSN: 1360-0443 [Electronic] England
PMID22703562 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Copyright© 2012 The Authors, Addiction © 2012 Society for the Study of Addiction.
Chemical References
  • Antidepressive Agents
  • Benzodiazepines
Topics
  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Alcoholism (complications)
  • Antidepressive Agents (adverse effects)
  • Anxiety Disorders (drug therapy)
  • Benzodiazepines (adverse effects)
  • Cross-Sectional Studies
  • Depressive Disorder, Major (drug therapy)
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Male
  • Medication Adherence (psychology, statistics & numerical data)
  • Middle Aged
  • Risk Factors
  • Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders (complications)
  • Substance-Related Disorders (etiology)
  • Young Adult

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