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Protein kinase C inhibitor AEB071 targets ocular melanoma harboring GNAQ mutations via effects on the PKC/Erk1/2 and PKC/NF-κB pathways.

Abstract
Somatic GNAQ mutations at codon 209 have been identified in approximately 50% of uveal melanomas and have been reported to be oncogenic through activating PLCβ/PKC/Erk1/2 pathways. We hypothesized that protein kinase C (PKC) may provide new opportunities for therapeutic targeting of uveal melanoma carrying GNAQ mutations. To test this hypothesis, uveal melanoma cells harboring wild-type or mutant GNAQ were treated with the PKC inhibitor AEB071 (sotrastaurin) or infected with lentivirus-expressing short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) targeting PKC isoforms. Notably, AEB071 at low micromolar concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of uveal melanoma cells harboring GNAQ mutations through induction of G(1) arrest and apoptosis. However, AEB071 had little effect on uveal melanoma cells carrying wild-type GNAQ. AEB071-mediated cell inhibition in the GNAQ-mutated uveal melanoma was accompanied by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 phosphorylation, NF-κB, decreased expression of cyclin D1, survivin, Bcl-xL, and XIAP, and increased expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1). AEB071 suppressed the expression of PKC α, β, δ, ε, and θ in GNAQ-mutated uveal melanoma cells. Our findings from shRNA-mediated knockdown studies revealed that these PKC isoforms are functionally important for uveal melanoma cells harboring GNAQ mutations. Furthermore, inhibitors of Erk1/2 and NF-κB pathways reduced viability of uveal melanoma cells. Together, our findings show that AEB071 exerts antitumor action on uveal melanoma cells carrying GNAQ mutations via targeting PKC/Erk1/2 and PKC/NF-κB pathways. Targeted PKC inhibition with drugs such as AEB071 offers novel therapeutic potential for uveal melanoma harboring GNAQ mutations.
AuthorsXinqi Wu, Jingjing Li, Meijun Zhu, Jonathan A Fletcher, F Stephen Hodi
JournalMolecular cancer therapeutics (Mol Cancer Ther) Vol. 11 Issue 9 Pg. 1905-14 (Sep 2012) ISSN: 1538-8514 [Electronic] United States
PMID22653968 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Copyright©2012 AACR.
Chemical References
  • Antineoplastic Agents
  • GNAQ protein, human
  • GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits
  • Isoenzymes
  • NF-kappa B
  • Pyrroles
  • Quinazolines
  • sotrastaurin
  • Protein Kinase C
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
  • GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11
Topics
  • Antineoplastic Agents (pharmacology)
  • Apoptosis (drug effects)
  • Cell Line, Tumor (drug effects)
  • Cell Proliferation (drug effects)
  • Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases (metabolism)
  • G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints (drug effects)
  • GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits (genetics)
  • GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11
  • Gene Expression (drug effects)
  • Humans
  • Isoenzymes (antagonists & inhibitors, genetics, metabolism)
  • MAP Kinase Signaling System
  • Melanoma (drug therapy, enzymology, genetics)
  • NF-kappa B (antagonists & inhibitors, metabolism)
  • Phosphorylation
  • Protein Kinase C (antagonists & inhibitors, genetics, metabolism)
  • Protein Processing, Post-Translational
  • Pyrroles (pharmacology)
  • Quinazolines (pharmacology)
  • Uveal Neoplasms (drug therapy, enzymology, genetics)

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