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Local and systemic mycorrhiza-induced protection against the ectoparasitic nematode Xiphinema index involves priming of defence gene responses in grapevine.

Abstract
The ectoparasitic dagger nematode (Xiphinema index), vector of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV), provokes gall formation and can cause severe damage to the root system of grapevines. Mycorrhiza formation by Glomus (syn. Rhizophagus) intraradices BEG141 reduced both gall formation on roots of the grapevine rootstock SO4 (Vitis berlandieri×V. riparia) and nematode number in the surrounding soil. Suppressive effects increased with time and were greater when the nematode was post-inoculated rather than co-inoculated with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus. Using a split-root system, decreased X. index development was shown in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal parts of mycorrhizal root systems, indicating that both local and systemic induced bioprotection mechanisms were active against the ectoparasitic nematode. Expression analyses of ESTs (expressed sequence tags) generated in an SSH (subtractive suppressive hybridization) library, representing plant genes up-regulated during mycorrhiza-induced control of X. index, and of described grapevine defence genes showed activation of chitinase 1b, pathogenesis-related 10, glutathione S-transferase, stilbene synthase 1, 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase, and a heat shock proein 70-interacting protein in association with the observed local and/or systemic induced bioprotection against the nematode. Overall, the data suggest priming of grapevine defence responses by the AM fungus and transmission of a plant-mediated signal to non-mycorrhizal tissues. Grapevine gene responses during AM-induced local and systemic bioprotection against X. index point to biological processes that are related either to direct effects on the nematode or to protection against nematode-imposed stress to maintain root tissue integrity.
AuthorsZhipeng Hao, Léon Fayolle, Diederik van Tuinen, Odile Chatagnier, Xiaolin Li, Silvio Gianinazzi, Vivienne Gianinazzi-Pearson
JournalJournal of experimental botany (J Exp Bot) Vol. 63 Issue 10 Pg. 3657-72 (Jun 2012) ISSN: 1460-2431 [Electronic] England
PMID22407649 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • Plant Proteins
Topics
  • Animals
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
  • Glomeromycota (immunology, physiology)
  • Mycorrhizae (immunology, physiology)
  • Nematoda (immunology, physiology)
  • Nepovirus (immunology)
  • Plant Diseases (genetics, immunology, microbiology, virology)
  • Plant Proteins (genetics, immunology)
  • Plant Roots (immunology, microbiology, parasitology, virology)
  • Vitis (genetics, immunology, microbiology, virology)

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