Plant development and function are underpinned by redox reactions that depend on co-factors such as
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (
NAD).
NAD has recently been shown to be involved in several signalling pathways that are associated with stress tolerance or defence responses. However, the mechanisms by which
NAD influences plant gene regulation, metabolism and physiology still remain unclear. Here, we took advantage of Arabidopsis thaliana lines that overexpressed the
nadC gene from E. coli, which encodes the
NAD biosynthesis
enzyme quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase (QPT). Upon incubation with
quinolinate, these lines accumulated
NAD and were thus used as inducible systems to determine the consequences of an increased
NAD content in leaves. Metabolic profiling showed clear changes in several metabolites such as
aspartate-derived
amino acids and
NAD-derived
nicotinic acid. Large-scale transcriptomic analyses indicated that
NAD promoted the induction of various pathogen-related genes such as the
salicylic acid (SA)-responsive defence marker PR1. Extensive comparison with transcriptomic databases further showed that gene expression under high
NAD content was similar to that obtained under biotic stress, eliciting conditions or SA treatment. Upon inoculation with the avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato Pst-AvrRpm1, the
nadC lines showed enhanced resistance to bacteria
infection and exhibited an ICS1-dependent build-up of both conjugated and free SA pools. We therefore concluded that higher
NAD contents are beneficial for plant immunity by stimulating SA-dependent signalling and pathogen resistance.