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Characterization of D-3-hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (ketocarnitine): an identified ketosis-induced metabolite.

Abstract
Hydroxybutyrylcarnitine (HB-carnitine) is a metabolite that has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is currently unknown whether HB-carnitine can be produced from D-3-hydroxybutyrate (D-3HB), a ketone body; but its formation from L-3-HB-CoA, a fatty acid β-oxidation intermediate, is well established. We aimed to assess which stereoisomers of 3-HB-carnitine are present in vivo. Ketosis and increased fatty acid oxidation were induced in 12 lean healthy men by a 38-hour fasting period. The D-3HB kinetics (stable isotope technique) and stereoisomers of muscle 3-HB-carnitine (high-performance liquid chromatography/ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry) were measured. Muscle D-3HB-carnitine content was much higher compared with L-3HB-carnitine. In addition, muscle D-3HB-carnitine correlated significantly with D-3-HB production. Following the finding that a ketone body can be converted into a carnitine ester in vivo, we show in vitro that D-3-HB can be converted into HB-carnitine (ketocarnitine) via an acyl-CoA synthetase reaction in several tissues including human muscle. During fasting, HB-carnitine in muscle is derived mainly from the ketone body D-3HB. The role of D-3HB-carnitine synthesis in metabolism remains to be elucidated.
AuthorsMaarten R Soeters, Mireille J Serlie, Hans P Sauerwein, Marinus Duran, Jos P Ruiter, Willem Kulik, Mariëtte T Ackermans, Paul E Minkler, Charles L Hoppel, Ronald J A Wanders, Sander M Houten
JournalMetabolism: clinical and experimental (Metabolism) Vol. 61 Issue 7 Pg. 966-73 (Jul 2012) ISSN: 1532-8600 [Electronic] United States
PMID22209095 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
CopyrightCopyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Chemical References
  • Fatty Acids
  • Ketone Bodies
  • hydroxybutyrylcarnitine
  • Vitamin B Complex
  • Coenzyme A Ligases
  • Carnitine
Topics
  • Adolescent
  • Adult
  • Carnitine (analogs & derivatives, analysis, metabolism)
  • Coenzyme A Ligases (metabolism)
  • Fasting (metabolism)
  • Fatty Acids (metabolism)
  • Humans
  • Ketone Bodies (metabolism)
  • Ketosis (metabolism)
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Muscle, Skeletal (chemistry)
  • Vitamin B Complex (analysis, metabolism)
  • Young Adult

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