Glutamate is considered to be responsible for the pathogenesis of
cerebral ischemia disease. [Ca(2+)](i) influx and
reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are considered to be involved in
glutamate-induced apoptosis process. In this study, we investigated the
neuroprotective effects of
ginkgolide K in the
glutamate-induced rat's adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line (PC 12 cells) and the possible mechanism.
Glutamate cytotoxicity in PC 12 cells was accompanied by an increment of
malondialdehyde (MDA) content and
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, as well as Ca(2+) influx, bax/bcl-2 ratio,
cytochrome c release,
caspase-3 protein and ROS generation, and reduction of cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential (
MMP). Moreover, treatment with
glutamate alone resulted in decrease activities of
superoxide dismutase (SOD) and
glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity. However, pretreatment with
ginkgolide K significantly reduced MDA content, LDH release, as well as Ca(2+) influx,
cytochrome c release, bax/bcl-2 ratio,
caspase-3 protein and ROS production, and attenuated the decrease of cells viability and
MMP. In addition,
ginkgolide K remarkedly up-regulated SOD and GSH-PX activities. All these findings indicated that
ginkgolide K protected PC12 cells against
glutamate-induced apoptosis by inhibiting Ca(2+) influx and ROS production. Therefore, the present study supports the notion that
ginkgolide K may be a promising
neuroprotective agent for the treatment of
cerebral ischemia disease.