Abstract |
Preservatives are used in cosmetics to prevent microbial contamination; however, some preservatives are not free of allergenic and cytotoxic potential. Allergenicity and cytotoxicity potential values are major aspects of preservative safety, which determine limitations and maximum concentration dose in a cosmetic product. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the in vitro apoptosis, necrosis and genotoxicity-inducing potential of five different types of preservatives: Phenoxyethanol (PE), Propylparaben (PP), Methylparaben (MP), Benzyl Alcohol (BA) and Ethylhexyl Glycerine (EG). In vitro experiments were carried out on human dermal fibroblasts by a quantitative flow cytometry method, using specific cell markers ( Annexin V, Propidium Iodide and H2AX). We compared the resulting cell viability by means of neutral red uptake (NRU) and established the IC(50) . Our results showed that PE, PP, MP and BA have similar cytotoxic mechanisms (high apoptosis and necrosis levels only at the test concentration of 1%), whereas EG showed only an apoptosis pathway. For genotoxicity, both parabens yielded the highest values. Results obtained by flow cytometry for necrosis were comparable to those produced by NRU; however, NRU does not distinguish apoptosis from necrosis. We propose that flow cytometry is a more sophisticated methodology for understanding the cytotoxic mechanisms of cosmetic preservatives and can be used to complement the NRU.
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Authors | C M de Carvalho, P F C Menezes, G C Letenski, C E O Praes, I H S Feferman, M Lorencini |
Journal | International journal of cosmetic science
(Int J Cosmet Sci)
Vol. 34
Issue 2
Pg. 176-82
(Apr 2012)
ISSN: 1468-2494 [Electronic] England |
PMID | 22118339
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
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Copyright | © 2011 Grupo Boticário. ICS © 2011 Society of Cosmetic Scientists and the Société Française de Cosmétologie. |
Chemical References |
- Cosmetics
- Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
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Topics |
- Adult
- Apoptosis
(drug effects)
- Cells, Cultured
- Cosmetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Mutagenicity Tests
- Necrosis
- Preservatives, Pharmaceutical
(toxicity)
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