Individual psychomotor impairment in relation to zopiclone and ethanol concentrations in blood--a randomized controlled double-blinded trial.

Abstract

AIMS:

To investigate individual traffic-relevant impairment related to measured blood zopiclone and ethanol concentrations. Also, we aimed to study possible development of acute tolerance.

DESIGN:

A randomized controlled four-way cross-over double-blind trial. Study drugs were zopiclone 5 or 10 mg, 50 g ethanol or placebo.

SETTING:

Laboratory study with computerized tests: Connor's Continuous Performance test, Choice Reaction Time and Stockings of Cambridge. Altogether, the tests consisted of 15 test components, representing three levels of behaviour (automotive, control, executive planning), relevant to traffic safety.

PARTICIPANTS:

Sixteen healthy male volunteers.

MEASUREMENTS:

Each study day, 10 blood samples were collected from each volunteer. Fifteen psychomotor test components were registered at baseline and a further three times after intake. Impairment was defined as any individual deterioration in performance compared to individual baseline performance.

FINDINGS:

Blood drug concentrations up to 74 µg/l zopiclone and 0.100% ethanol were measured. We found a clear positive concentration-effect relationship for zopiclone and ethanol for both automotive and control behaviours, and a modest relationship for executive planning behaviour. Significant impairment started to be observed at concentrations above 16 µg/l zopiclone (automotive and control behaviour) and above 0.026% ethanol (automotive behaviour). Acute tolerance was found for both drugs.

CONCLUSIONS:

The hypnotic, zopiclone, can impair psychomotor performance at blood concentrations as low as 16 µg/l.

• Authors: Ingebjørg Gustavsen, Knut Hjelmeland, Jean-Paul Bernard, Jørg Mørland
• Journal: Addiction (Abingdon, England) (Addiction) Vol. 107 Issue 5 Pg. 925-32 (May 2012) ISSN: 1360-0443 [Electronic] England
• PMID: 22008377 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
• Copyright: © 2011 The Authors, Addiction © 2011 Society for the Study of Addiction.

Chemical References

• Azabicyclo Compounds
• Hypnotics and Sedatives
• Piperazines
• zopiclone
• Ethanol

Topics

• Automobile Driving
• Azabicyclo Compounds (adverse effects, blood)
• Cross-Over Studies
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Double-Blind Method
• Ethanol (adverse effects, blood)
• Humans
• Hypnotics and Sedatives (adverse effects, blood)
• Male
• Piperazines (adverse effects, blood)
• Psychomotor Disorders (blood, chemically induced)
• Psychomotor Performance (drug effects)