Galanthus nivalis agglutinin-related
lectins, a superfamily of strictly
mannose-binding-specific
lectins widespread amongst monotyledonous plants, have drawn a rising attention for their remarkable anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing activities toward various types of
cancer cells; however, the precise molecular mechanisms by which they induce
tumor cell apoptosis are still only rudimentarily understood. Herein, we found that the three conserved motifs "QXDXNXVXY," the
mannose-specific binding sites, could mutate at one or more
amino acid sites, which might be a driving force for the sequential evolution and thus ultimately leading to the complete disappearance of the three conserved motifs. In addition, we found that the motif evolution could result in the diversification of
sugar-binding types that G. nivalis
agglutinin-related
lectins could bind from specific
mannose receptors to more types of
sugar-containing receptors in
cancer cells. Subsequently, we indicated that some
sugar-containing receptors such as
TNFR1, EGFR, Hsp90, and Hsp70 could block downstream anti-apoptotic or survival signaling pathways, which, in turn, resulted in
tumor cell apoptosis. Taken together, our hypothesis that
carbohydrate-binding motif evolution may impact the G. nivalis
agglutinin-related
lectin-induced survival or anti-apoptotic pathways would provide a new perspective for further elucidating the intricate relationships between the
carbohydrate-binding specificities and complex molecular mechanisms by which G. nivalis
agglutinin-related
lectins induce
cancer cell death.