Several groups, including ours, have reported that
iodine exhibited antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in various
cancer cells only if this
element is supplemented as molecular
iodine, or as
iodide, to cells that are able to oxidize it with the
enzyme thyroperoxidase. In this study, we analyzed the effect of various concentrations of
iodine and/or
iodide in the dimethylbenz[a]
anthracene (DMBA)
mammary cancer model in rats. The results show that 0.1%
iodine or
iodide increases the expression of
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor type γ (PPARγ), triggering
caspase-mediated apoptosis pathways in damaged mammary tissue (DMBA-treated mammary gland) as well as in frank mammary
tumors, but not in normal mammary gland. DMBA treatment induces the expression of
lactoperoxidase, which participates in the
antineoplastic effect of
iodide and could be involved in the pro-neoplastic effect of
estrogens, increasing the formation of
DNA adducts. In conclusion, our results show that a supplement of 0.1% molecular
iodine/potassium iodide (0.05/0.05%) exert
antineoplastic effects, preventing
estrogen-induced
DNA adducts and inducing apoptosis through PPARγ/
caspases in pre-
cancer and cancerous cells. Since this
iodine concentration does not modify the cytology (histology, apoptosis rate) or physiology (
triiodothyronine and
thyrotropin) of the thyroid gland, we propose that it be considered as an adjuvant treatment for premenopausal
mammary cancer.