A 56-year-old female was diagnosed with
acute myeloid leukemia (FAB: AML-M1). G-banding karyotype of her bone marrow showed complete
tetraploidy (92, XXXX [24/24]). Although she achieved complete remission (CR) after induction
therapy and maintained CR during consolidation
therapy, relapse occurred only 2 months after discharge. When the relapse occurred, bone marrow karyotypic analysis showed complete
tetraploidy again. The patient received reduced-intensity cord blood
transplantation (RI-CBT), which induced CR for the second time. The patient is currently alive 24 months after
transplantation and there have not been any signs of recurrence to date. There have been a few reports of AML with near-
tetraploidy, but cases of AML with complete
tetraploidy are extremely rare.
Tetraploid AML has been reported to have a poor prognosis and there have been very few cases maintaining CR over the long term after
chemotherapy alone. This is the first case of complete
tetraploid AML successfully treated by RI-CBT. The
clinical course of this case suggests that
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation during the first CR phase should be considered a treatment option for
tetraploid AML.