Sigma receptor agonists have been found to provide potent neuroprotection in rats and mice. This neuroprotection is thought to be mediated through anti-excitotoxic mechanisms. Neuroprotective and immune modulatory effects of sigma
ligands have not been investigated in
embolic stroke. In the present study, rats were subjected to
embolic stroke or
sham stroke and were treated with the
sigma-1 receptor agonist
PRE-084 (5mg/kg i.p.) or saline vehicle 3 and 24h after
stroke.
Infarct volume and behavioural tests were conducted, and
cytokine levels (ILs-1α and β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10,
GM-CSF and TNF-α) were determined in ischemic and non-ischemic cortices. Axonal damage was determined using the pNF-H ELISA assay. Treatment with
PRE-084 afforded neuroprotection following
embolic stroke as evidenced by significantly reduced
infarct volume and improved behavioural outcome. Remarkably, treatment with
PRE-084 reduced levels of pro-inflammatory
cytokines and enhanced anti-inflammatory
cytokines. Levels of pNF-H were lower in rats treated with
PRE-084 suggesting reduced axonal damage but this finding did not reach statistical significance. The findings of the present study suggest that part of the
neuroprotective effects of
sigma-1 receptor agonists may be mediated through a dual effect on
cytokine release following
stroke.