As one of the most potent and hazardous feed/food-originated
mycotoxins,
aflatoxin (AF) B₁ is regarded as a potent immunosuppressor in dairy cows. Neutrophils (PMN), as key effector cells against pathogens, have a high potential to kill engulfed microbes. To investigate the in vitro effects of very low doses of AFB₁ on blood PMN functions, we examined the effects of biologically relevant concentrations of AFB₁ on the phagocytosis and non-phagocytosis dependent
luminol, representative of mainly intracellular
free radicals, and
isoluminol, representative of mainly extracellular
free radicals, chemiluminescence (CL),
necrosis and apoptosis of PMN. Isolated blood PMN from healthy dairy cows (n=12) were exposed to 0, 0.01, 0.05 and 0.5 ng/ml of AFB₁ for 0.5 and 18 h depending on the assay. Further, blood PMN of healthy dairy cows (n=8) were exposed to 0.5 ng/ml of AFB₁ for 3h and
myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity,
superoxide anion (O₂⁻) production, phagocytosis and killing activities against Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Escherichia (E.) coli, were examined. Though the effect of extremely low doses of AFB₁ were less pronounced, at 0.5 ng/ml the production of
free radicals was greatly enhanced, especially extracellularly. In contrast to
isoluminol CL, the AFB₁-treated PMN showed a remarkably impaired phagocytosis-depended
luminol CL. PMN
necrosis and apoptosis were not affected by AFB₁. MPO activity, O₂⁻ production, phagocytosis rates and killing of E. coli and S. aureus by AFB₁-treated PMN were significantly lower than those of non-treated ones. Our results show the extracellularly
pro-oxidant and antiphagocytic properties of very low doses of AFB₁ for bovine PMN. The scope of the suppressive effects of the in vitro AFB₁ levels on cellular innate immune functions should be considered for high yielding dairy cows.