Sulforaphane (SFN) is an
isothiocyanate that is naturally present in cruciferous vegetables, with high concentration in broccoli. The results of the most recent studies indicate multi-targeted
sulforaphane actions which may contribute to prevention and
therapy of
cancer. Protective properties of
sulforaphane have been observed in every stage of
carcinogenesis. The mechanism of protection against the initiation of
carcinogenesis by SFN includes modulation of phase I and II
xenobiotic-metabolizing
enzymes, as well as direct blocking of specific binding sites of
carcinogens with the
DNA molecule. As a result,
sulforaphane inhibits
DNA adduct formation, thus reducing the risk of mutations. Further
sulforaphane activity is targeted at
cancer cells and prevents their expansion due to regulation of proliferation and induction of differentiation or apoptosis. In vitro studies using various types of
cancer cells have revealed the ability of SFN to arrest the cell cycle, particularly in G2/M, while SFN at higher concentration is shown to activate apoptotic pathways. The possible SFN anticancer effect in the progression stage of
carcinogenesis has been proved by only a few studies, which provide evidence for its antiangiogenic and antimetastatic influence. Additionally, SFN exhibits anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects relevant to
cancer prevention. Apart from the
biological activity of SFN, this review also focuses on its bioavailability and tissue distribution as well as individuals'
genetic predispositions as significant factors influencing the potential efficiency of
chemoprevention using this compound.