Malformation syndromes caused by disorders of cholesterol synthesis.

Abstract

Cholesterol homeostasis is critical for normal growth and development. In addition to being a major membrane lipid, cholesterol has multiple biological functions. These roles include being a precursor molecule for the synthesis of steroid hormones, neuroactive steroids, oxysterols, and bile acids. Cholesterol is also essential for the proper maturation and signaling of hedgehog proteins, and thus cholesterol is critical for embryonic development. After birth, most tissues can obtain cholesterol from either endogenous synthesis or exogenous dietary sources, but prior to birth, the human fetal tissues are dependent on endogenous synthesis. Due to the blood-brain barrier, brain tissue cannot utilize dietary or peripherally produced cholesterol. Generally, inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis lead to both a deficiency of cholesterol and increased levels of potentially bioactive or toxic precursor sterols. Over the past couple of decades, a number of human malformation syndromes have been shown to be due to inborn errors of cholesterol synthesis. Herein, we will review clinical and basic science aspects of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, desmosterolosis, lathosterolosis, HEM dysplasia, X-linked dominant chondrodysplasia punctata, Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform erythroderma and Limb Defects Syndrome, sterol-C-4 methyloxidase-like deficiency, and Antley-Bixler syndrome.

• Authors: Forbes D Porter, Gail E Herman
• Journal: Journal of lipid research (J Lipid Res) Vol. 52 Issue 1 Pg. 6-34 (Jan 2011) ISSN: 1539-7262 [Electronic] United States
• PMID: 20929975 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural, Review)

Chemical References

• Cholesterol
• Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors

Topics

• Abnormalities, Multiple (etiology, genetics, metabolism)
• Animals
• Cholesterol (biosynthesis)
• Chondrodysplasia Punctata (etiology, genetics, metabolism)
• Congenital Abnormalities (etiology)
• Humans
• Lipid Metabolism, Inborn Errors (complications, etiology, genetics, metabolism)
• Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors (deficiency, genetics, metabolism)
• Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome (etiology, genetics, metabolism)
• Steroid Metabolism, Inborn Errors
• Syndrome