We measure the cytotoxicity of three
metal complexes containing the 2,2'-bypyridine
ligand, Cu(bpy)(NCS)(2), 1, [Cu(bpy)(2)(H(2)O)](PF(6))(2), 2, and Zn(bpy)(2)(NCS)(2), 3, toward
neuroblastoma cells (SK-N-SH) and
ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3) using two different cell assays. The cells were exposed to various concentrations of the compounds for 1 h and the percent inhibition of cell growth, I, measured for various times after exposure, i.e., as a function of the recovery time t. After developing the theory showing the relationship between I and t, the cytotoxicity data were analyzed to reveal that the two
copper complexes, 1 and 2, cause the cells to divide at a slower rate than the controls during the recovery period, but the
zinc complex, 3, had little or no effect on cell division during the recovery period. The usual metric for reporting cytotoxicity is IC(50), which is the concentration of agent required to inhibit cell growth to 50% of the control population. However, since IC(50) can depend on the recovery time, t, as is the case for 1 and 2, reporting IC(50) for a single recovery time can hide important information about the long-time effects of a
cytotoxic agent on the health of the cell population. Mechanistic studies with the compounds revealed that the
copper complexes, 1 and 2, cleave closed circular pBR322
DNA in the presence of ascorbate, while the
zinc complex, 3, does not facilitate DNA cleavage under the same conditions. This difference in DNA cleavage activity may be related to the fact that Cu(II) is redox active and can readily change its oxidation state, while Zn(II) is redox inert and cannot participate in a redox cycle with ascorbate to break DNA.