Neuropsychiatric disorders are often characterized by impaired insight into behaviour. Such an insight deficit has been suggested, but never directly tested, in
drug addiction. Here we tested for the first time this impaired insight hypothesis in
drug addiction, and examined its potential association with
drug-seeking behaviour. We also tested potential modulation of these effects by
cocaine urine status, an individual difference known to impact underlying cognitive functions and prognosis. Sixteen
cocaine addicted individuals testing positive for
cocaine in urine, 26
cocaine addicted individuals testing negative for
cocaine in urine, and 23 healthy controls completed a probabilistic choice task that assessed objective preference for viewing four types of pictures (pleasant, unpleasant, neutral and
cocaine). This choice task concluded by asking subjects to report their most selected picture type; correspondence between subjects' self-reports with their objective choice behaviour provided our index of behavioural insight. Results showed that the urine positive
cocaine subjects exhibited impaired insight into their own choice behaviour compared with healthy controls; this same study group also selected the most
cocaine pictures (and fewest pleasant pictures) for viewing. Importantly, however, it was the urine negative
cocaine subjects whose behaviour was most influenced by insight, such that impaired insight in this subgroup only was associated with higher
cocaine-related choice on the task and more severe actual
cocaine use. These findings suggest that interventions to enhance insight may decrease
drug-seeking behaviour, especially in urine negative
cocaine subjects, potentially to improve their longer-term clinical outcomes.