The aim of the present study was to evaluate
immunomodulator ginsan, a
polysaccharide extracted from Panax ginseng, on
carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced liver injury. BALB/c mice were injected i.p. with
ginsan 24 h prior to CCl(4) administration. Serum liver
enzyme levels, histology, expression of
antioxidant enzymes, and several
cytokines/
chemokines were subsequently evaluated.
Ginsan treatment markedly suppressed the serum
alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and
aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and hepatic histological
necrosis increased by CCl(4) treatment.
Ginsan inhibited CCl(4) induced lipid peroxidation through the
cytochrome P450 2E1 (
CYP2E1) downregulation. The hepatoprotective effect of
ginsan was attributed to induction of
anti-oxidant protein contents, such as
superoxide dismutase (SOD),
catalase, and
glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as restoration of the hepatic
glutathione (GSH) concentration. The marked increase of proinflammatory
cytokines (IL-1beta, IFN-gamma) and
chemokines (MCP-1, MIP-2beta, KC) in CCl(4) treated mice was additionally attenuated by
ginsan, thereby preventing leukocyte infiltration and local
inflammation. Our results suggest that
ginsan effectively prevent liver injury, mainly through downregulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory response.