Vital
dyes have advanced diagnosis and surgical technique in various specialties, including oncology, gastroenterology, and ophthalmology. In ocular surgery vital
dyes are widely used in
cataract and
vitreoretinal surgery. Worldwide, intra-operative use of
trypan blue during
cataract surgery has enhanced visualization of the anterior
capsule during
capsulorrhexis, and patent blue has been recently licensed in Europe for
cataract surgery. For chromovitrectomy, the vital
dyes indocyanine green,
infracyanine green, and
brilliant blue stain the internal limiting membrane, and
trypan blue and
triamcinolone acetonide help visualize
epiretinal membranes and vitreous, respectively. Intra-operative vital
dyes are finding uses in corneal,
glaucoma, orbit,
strabismus, and conjunctival surgery. We provide a summary of current knowledge of the use of vital
dyes in ocular surgery. We review the properties of
dyes, techniques of application, indications, and complications in ocular surgery. Vital
dyes represent an expanding area of research, and novel
dyes deserve further investigation.