HC is a common complication following HSCT. Risk factors include
viral infections,
cyclophosphamide and
busulfan usage, pelvic irradiation, older age at
transplantation, allogeneic HSCT and GvHD. The severity of HC ranges from mild
hematuria to life-threatening
bleeding. Here, we present a seven-and-a-half-yr-old boy with
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome who experienced a late onset Grade III
hemorrhagic cystitis following HSCT from his fully matched sibling. A Grade I GvHD localized to skin developed on day +11 and
prednisolone therapy was given between the 11th and 22nd d. Myeloid and platelet engraftments were achieved +13 and +16 d, respectively. A gross
hematuria began on the 21st post-transplant day. The urine cultures for bacterial or fungal organisms were negative. Urine analysis by PCR revealed a CMV viruria. Following systemic
ganciclovir treatment, urinary CMV became negative but
hemorrhagic cystitis did not improve. Due to the probability of existing BK virus or adenovirus, two doses of
cidofovir were administered intravesically. As he continued to have painful
hematuria with large clot formations, two doses of intravesical
hyaluronic acid were applied. Macroscopic
hematuria resolved within four d after the second dose. Complete remission was achieved on day +77. Finally,
intravesical administration of
hyaluronic acid seems to be effective and safe and can be a promising treatment in patients suffering from severe and late onset HC.