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Exposure of smoke solutions from CNG-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws induces distressed embryonic movements, embryonic hemorrhaging and ectopia cordis.

Abstract
In south Asian countries, a campaign has launched to promote CNG-powered four-stroke auto-rickshaws (CNFAR) to decrease emission load in the environment. Even though, CNFAR are considered environmentally safe, emissions of some other toxic chemicals would amplify, which may effect the development of growing fetus and may result in different growth defects. By utilizing the in vivo chicken embryo model, this report analyzes the toxic potential of CNFAR smoke solutions (CNFARSS) on embryonic movements (EM) and cardiovascular development. Application of CNFARSS to embryos caused profound decline (p<0.001) in all four types of EMs. Several recovery attempts of all EMs were observed in oscillating fashion, however, EMs did not recover by the end of experiment. Exposure of CNFARSS escorted intense decline (p<0.001) with temperate recovery phases in the EM of tail. Macroscopic evaluation of all CNFARSS treated chicken embryos revealed several widespread hemorrhaging throughout the whole body. Moreover, four different types of ectopia cordis were prominently observed among all CNFARSS treated embryos, namely; incomplete ectopia cordis, complete ectopia cordis, cervico-thoracic ectopia cordis and thoraco-abdominal ectopia cordis.
AuthorsSohail Ejaz, Ahmed Ejaz, Amara Sohail, Mukthar Ahmed, Amar Nasir, Chae Woong Lim
JournalFood and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association (Food Chem Toxicol) Vol. 47 Issue 7 Pg. 1442-52 (Jul 2009) ISSN: 1873-6351 [Electronic] England
PMID19332102 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)
Chemical References
  • Fossil Fuels
  • Smoke
  • Solutions
  • Teratogens
  • Vehicle Emissions
Topics
  • Animals
  • Biomechanical Phenomena
  • Chick Embryo
  • Ectopia Cordis (chemically induced, epidemiology)
  • Fetal Movement (drug effects)
  • Fetus (blood supply)
  • Fossil Fuels
  • Hemorrhage (chemically induced, epidemiology)
  • Regional Blood Flow (drug effects)
  • Smoke (adverse effects, analysis)
  • Solutions
  • Teratogens
  • Vehicle Emissions (analysis, toxicity)

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