Childhood lymphohematopoietic cancer incidence and hazardous air pollutants in southeast Texas, 1995-2004.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Cancer is the second leading cause of death among U.S. children with few known risk factors. There is increasing interest in the role of air pollutants, including benzene and 1,3-butadiene, in the etiology of childhood cancers.

OBJECTIVE:

Our goal was to assess whether census tracts with the highest benzene or 1,3-butadiene ambient air levels have increased childhood lymphohematopoietic cancer incidence.

METHODS:

Our ecologic analysis included 977 cases of childhood lymphohematopoietic cancer diagnosed from 1995-2004. We obtained the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1999 modeled estimates of benzene and 1,3-butadiene for 886 census tracts surrounding Houston, Texas. We ran Poisson regression models by pollutant to explore the associations between pollutant levels and census-tract cancer rates. We adjusted models for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and community-level socioeconomic status (cSES).

RESULTS:

Census tracts with the highest benzene levels had elevated rates of all leukemia [rate ratio (RR) = 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05, 1.78]. This association was higher for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (RR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.03-3.96) than for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) (RR = 1.24; 95% CI, 0.92-1.66). Among census tracts with the highest 1,3-butadiene levels, we observed RRs of 1.40 (95% CI, 1.07-1.81), 1.68 (95% CI, 0.84-3.35), and 1.32 (95% CI, 0.98-1.77) for all leukemia, AML, and ALL, respectively. We detected no associations between benzene or 1,3-butadiene levels and lymphoma incidence. Results that examined joint exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene were similar to those that examined each pollutant separately.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our ecologic analysis suggests an association between childhood leukemia and hazardous air pollution; further research using more sophisticated methodology is warranted.

• Authors: Kristina W Whitworth, Elaine Symanski, Ann L Coker
• Journal: Environmental health perspectives (Environ Health Perspect) Vol. 116 Issue 11 Pg. 1576-80 (Nov 2008) ISSN: 0091-6765 [Print] United States
• PMID: 19057714 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• Air Pollutants

Topics

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Air Pollutants (toxicity)
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Female
• Humans
• Incidence
• Male
• Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma (epidemiology)
• Social Class
• Texas (epidemiology)
• United States
• United States Environmental Protection Agency