Genetic testing for
cancer susceptibility has been implemented widely in recent years, with the hope that it eventually will lead to a reduction in
cancer-related mortality. Asymptomatic individuals who have a
genetic predisposition for
cancer can be identified, and many may benefit from early intervention. Not all of these individuals will develop
cancer, however, and the penetrance varies among individuals with different mutations. Surveillance,
chemoprevention, and prophylactic surgery are accepted options for managing individuals who have a
genetic predisposition for
cancer. Yet, there are no randomized prospective trials that have assessed the impact of these interventions specifically in mutation carriers. The decision to undergo prophylactic surgery therefore should be made after all other management options are considered, and the patient is informed of the potential risks and benefits of surgery. This article provides an overview of the role of prophylactic surgery for managing patients who have a
genetic predisposition for
cancer. It specifically discusses the potential role of surgery in preventing breast, colon, thyroid, and
gastric cancers. Additionally, it discusses the types of
prophylactic surgical procedures that are performed commonly, and their expanding role in
cancer prevention.