Necroptosis is a newly identified type of programmed
necrosis initiated by the activation of
tumor necrosis factor alpha (
TNFalpha)/Fas.
Necrostatin-1 is a specific inhibitor of necroptosis that reduces ischemic tissue damage in experimental
stroke models. We previously reported decreased tissue damage and improved functional outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice deficient in
TNFalpha and Fas. Hence, we hypothesized that
necrostatin-1 would reduce histopathology and improve functional outcome after CCI in mice. Compared with vehicle-/inactive analog-treated controls, mice administered
necrostatin-1 before CCI had decreased
propidium iodide-positive cells in the injured cortex and dentate gyrus (6 h), decreased brain tissue damage (days 14, 35), improved motor (days 1 to 7), and Morris water maze performance (days 8 to 14) after CCI. Improved spatial memory was observed even when
drug was administered 15 mins after CCI.
Necrostatin-1 treatment did not reduce caspase-3-positive cells in the dentate gyrus or cortex, consistent with a known
caspase-independent mechanism of
necrostatin-1. However,
necrostatin-1 reduced brain neutrophil influx and microglial activation at 48 h, suggesting a novel anti-inflammatory effect in
traumatic brain injury (TBI). The data suggest that necroptosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of cell death and functional outcome after TBI and that
necrostatin-1 may have therapeutic potential for patients with TBI.