Confusion of various nephrotoxic Cortinarius species with edible mushrooms occurs every year throughout Europe and North America. The toxin,
orellanine (OR), accumulates selectively in renal tubular epithelium with ensuing
renal failure after several days as the only clinical manifestation. This study was performed to clarify the mechanisms behind the kidney damage. Sprague-Dawley rats, 100 g bw, received various doses of purified OR ip (0-5 mg/kg bw). One week later, renal function (GFR) was determined (51Cr-EDTA), ascorbyl radicals in venous blood were analyzed using electron spin resonance, and oxidative
protein damage was evaluated immunohistochemically. One OR-treated group (3.5 mg/kg) simultaneously received
superoxide dismutase (SOD) targeted to tubular epithelium (HC-SOD; 10 mg/kg ip daily for 5 days). RT-PCR was used for analysis of
mRNA expression of genes related to oxidative stress. OR caused a dose-dependent decrease in GFR, paralleled by increased levels of ascorbyl radicals and oxidative
protein damage.
Antioxidant treatment with HC-SOD decreased renal function even more and also increased tissue damage and mortality. Renal
mRNA levels for key components in the antioxidative defense were strongly decreased, whereas those for several
cytokines were increased. The data strongly suggest that OR nephrotoxicity in vivo is mediated by oxidative stress, including a virtual shutdown of important antioxidative
enzymes. We interpret the unexpected effect of HC-SOD in terms of unbalanced SOD and
catalase levels in the presence of OR, leading to massive generation of *
OH and cell death.