Ethanol is a known
teratogen and has been implicated in the etiology of human
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), which is characterized by distinct
craniofacial abnormalities such as
microcephaly, agnathia, and ocular aberrations. Attempts at quantifying the craniofacial anomalies arising from
ethanol exposure have largely been limited to radiographic evaluation in postnatal rats. Such studies discount the role of the cranial soft tissue in the morphology of FAS. We present a study whose aim was to conduct measurements of the entire head including soft and hard tissue in full-term fetuses of mice by means of a digital analyzer, while at the same time comparing stained skeletal tissues in treated and untreated animals. Thirteen pregnant C57BL/6J mice were fed with 25%
ethanol (vol/vol) on gestation days (E) 6, 7, and 8, whereas 10 pregnant mice received water only. Fetuses were retrieved from the animals just before delivery on E18, digitally photographed, measured, and assessed for abnormalities.
Ethanol-exposed mice showed a number of abnormalities such as
anophthalmia and agnathia, but these were not significantly increased over those from nontreated fetuses (P=.5).
Birth weight (P=.5), crown-rump length (P=.8), and mandibular length (P=.9) were also not significantly reduced compared to control fetuses. However, defects in some cranial bones and degrees of ossification that trailed same-stage controls were observed in treated animals, at a nonstatistically significant level (P=.14). Acute maternal ingestion of alcohol in mice during pregnancy may not cause a significant increase in craniofacial or skeletal defects when evaluated at term. However, these effects may be latent, manifesting postnatally. The postnatal ability of mice for recovery from alcohol-induced
birth defects deserves further investigation.