Forty mongrel dogs were used in this study for induction of
periodontal disease by placing subgingival
silk ligatures affecting maxillary and mandibular premolar teeth during a 12-month period. Experimental premolar teeth received monthly clinical, radiographic, and histometric/pathologic assessments. The results demonstrated significant increases in scores and values of
periodontal disease parameters associated with variable degrees of
alveolar bone loss. The experimental maxillary premolar teeth exhibited more severe and rapid rates of
periodontal disease compared with mandibular premolar teeth. Histometric analysis showed significant reduction in free and attached gingiva of the experimental teeth. Histopathological examination of buccolingual sections from experimental premolar teeth showed the presence of rete pegs within the sulcular epithelium with acanthosis and erosive changes, widening of the periodontal ligament, and alveolar
bone resorption. Various methods for periodontal repair were studied in 194 experimental premolar teeth exhibiting different degrees of
periodontal disease. The treatment plan comprised non-surgical (teeth
scaling, root planing, and
oral hygiene) and surgical methods (closed
gingival curettage, modified Widman flap, and reconstructive surgery using autogenous bone marrow graft and canine amniotic membrane). The initial non-surgical treatment resulted in a periodontal recovery rate of 37.6% and was found effective for treatment of early
periodontal disease based on resolution of
gingivitis and reduction of periodontal probing depths. Surgical treatment by closed
gingival curettage to eliminate the diseased pocket lining resulted in a recovery rate of 48.8% and proved effective in substantially reducing deep
periodontal pockets. Open
root planing following flap elevation resulted in a recovery rate of 85.4% and was effective for deep and refractory
periodontal pockets. Autogenous bone graft implantation combined with canine amniotic membrane as a biodegradable membrane was used in 18 premolar teeth and failed to improve advanced
furcation defects in most teeth.