The responses of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood to
guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol), a mild repellent constituent of bovid odors, and seven analogues comprising
2-methoxyfuran,
2,4-dimethylphenol,
2-methoxy-4-methylphenol (4-methylguaiacol), 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (4-ethylguaiacol), 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (4-allylguaiacol;
eugenol), 3,4-methylenedioxytoluene, and 3,4-dimethoxystyrene were compared in a two-choice wind tunnel. The 4-methyl-substituted derivative (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol) was found to elicit stronger repellent responses from the flies compared with
guaiacol. None of the other analogues showed significant repellent effects on flies.
4-Methylguaiacol,
guaiacol, and
eugenol (which was included because of previous reports of its repellency against a number of arthropods) were further evaluated in the field with wild populations of predominantly Glossina pallidipes Austen. The presence of
guaiacol or
eugenol near odor-baited traps caused some nonsignificant reduction in the number of tsetse catches at relatively high release rates (approximately 50 mg/hr). In contrast, the 4-methyl derivative at three different release rates (2.2, 4.5, and 9.0 mg/hr) reduced trap catches of baited traps in a dose-response manner.
At 10 mg/hr release rate, it reduced the catches of baited and unbaited traps by approximately 80 and approximately 70%, respectively. In addition, the compound not only reduced the number of tsetse attracted to natural ox odor (approximately 80%), but also had an effect on their feeding responses, reducing the proportion that fed on an ox by more than 80%. Our study shows that the presence of a methyl substituent at the 4-position of
guaiacol enhances the repellency of the molecule to savannah tsetse and suggests that
4-methylguaiacol may represent a promising additional tool in the arsenal of techniques in
trypanosomiasis control.