Human
glyoxylate reductase/
hydroxypyruvate reductase (GRHPR) is a D-2-hydroxy-acid
dehydrogenase that plays a critical role in the removal of the metabolic by-product
glyoxylate from within the liver. Deficiency of this
enzyme is the underlying cause of
primary hyperoxaluria type 2 (PH2) and leads to increased urinary
oxalate levels, formation of
kidney stones and
renal failure. Here we describe the crystal structure of human GRHPR at 2.2 A resolution. There are four copies of GRHPR in the crystallographic asymmetric unit: in each homodimer, one subunit forms a ternary (
enzyme+
NADPH+reduced substrate) complex, and the other a binary (enzyme+NADPH) form. The spatial arrangement of the two
enzyme domains is the same in binary and ternary forms. This first crystal structure of a true ternary complex of an
enzyme from this family demonstrates the relationship of substrate and catalytic residues within the active site, confirming earlier proposals of the mode of substrate binding, stereospecificity and likely catalytic mechanism for these
enzymes. GRHPR has an unusual substrate specificity, preferring
glyoxylate and hydroxypyruvate, but not
pyruvate. A
tryptophan residue (Trp141) from the neighbouring subunit of the dimer is projected into the active site region and appears to contribute to the selectivity for hydroxypyruvate. This first crystal structure of a human GRHPR
enzyme also explains the deleterious effects of naturally occurring missense mutations of this
enzyme that lead to PH2.