G(q/11)
protein-coupled
muscarinic receptors are known to regulate the release of soluble
amyloid precursor
protein (sAPPalpha) produced by
alpha-secretase processing; however, their signaling mechanisms remain to be elucidated. It has been reported that a
muscarinic agonist activates nuclear factor (
NF)-kappaB, a
transcription factor that has been shown to play an important role in the
Alzheimer disease brain, and that
NF-kappaB activation is regulated by intracellular Ca2+ level. In the present study, we investigated whether
NF-kappaB activation plays a role in
muscarinic receptor-mediated sAPPalpha release enhancement and contributes to a changed capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE), which was suggested to be involved in the
muscarinic receptor-mediated stimulation of sAPPalpha release.
Muscarinic receptor-mediated
NF-kappaB activation was confirmed by observing the translocation of the active subunit (p65) of
NF-kappaB to the nucleus by the
muscarinic agonist,
oxotremorine M (oxoM), in SH-SY5Y
neuroblastoma cells expressing
muscarinic receptors that are predominantly of the M3 subtype.
NF-kappaB activation and sAPPalpha release enhancement induced by oxoM were inhibited by
NF-kappaB inhibitors, such as an
NF-kappaB peptide inhibitor (SN50), an
IkappaB alpha kinase inhibitor (BAY11-7085), a
proteasome inhibitor (
MG132), the inhibitor of
proteasome activity and IkappaB phosphorylation,
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, the novel
NF-kappaB activation inhibitor (6-amino-4-(4-phenoxyphenylethylamino) quinazoline), and by an intracellular Ca2+
chelator (TMB-8). Furthermore, both oxoM-induced
NF-kappaB activation and sAPPalpha release were antagonized by CCE inhibitors (
gadolinium or
SKF96365) but not by voltage-gated Ca2+-channel blockers. On the other hand, treatment of cells with
NF-kappaB inhibitors (SN50, BAY11-7085,
MG132, or
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate) did not inhibit
muscarinic receptor-mediated CCE. These findings provide evidence for the involvement of
NF-kappaB regulated by CCE in
muscarinic receptor-mediated sAPPalpha release enhancement.