Baculovirus
chitinases and other family 18
glycohydrolases have been shown to possess both exo- and
endochitinase activities when assayed against fluorescent chito-
oligosaccharides. Homology modelling of the
chitinase of Epiphyas postvittana nucleopolyhedrovirus (EppoNPV) against
Serratia marcescens chitinase A indicated that the
enzyme possesses an N-terminal
polycystic kidney 1 (PKD1) domain for
chitin-substrate feeding and an alpha/beta TIM barrel catalytic domain characteristic of a family 18
glycohydrolase. EppoNPV
chitinase has many features in common with other baculovirus
chitinases, including high
amino acid identity, an N-terminal secretion signal and a functional C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum-retention sequence. EppoNPV
chitinase displayed exo- and endochitinolytic activity against fluorescent chito-
oligosaccharides, with K(m) values of 270+/-60 and 240+/-40 microM against 4MU-(GlcNAc)2 and 20+/-6 and 14+/-7 microM against 4MU-(GlcNAc)3 for native and recombinant versions of the
enzyme, respectively. In contrast, digestion and thin-layer chromatography analysis of short-chain (GlcNAc)(2-6) chito-
oligosaccharides without the fluorescent
4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) moiety produced predominantly (
GlcNAc)2, indicating an exochitinase, although low-level
endochitinase activity was detected. Digestion of long-chain colloidal beta-
chitin and analysis by mass spectrometry identified a single 447 Da peak, representing a singly charged (
GlcNAc)2 complexed with a
sodium adduct ion, confirming the
enzyme as an exochitinase with no detectable endochitinolytic activity. Furthermore, (GlcNAc)(3-6) substrates, but not (
GlcNAc)2, acted as inhibitors of EppoNPV
chitinase. Short-chain substrates are unlikely to interact with the aromatic residues of the PKD1 substrate-feeding mechanism and hence may not accurately reflect the activity of these
enzymes against native substrates. Based upon these results, the
chitinase of the baculovirus EppoNPV is an exochitinase.