The peritoneum is one of the most common extrapulmonary sites of tuberculous
infection. Peritoneal
tuberculosis remains a significant problem in parts of the world where
tuberculosis is prevalent. Increasing population migration, usage of more potent
immunosuppressant therapy and the
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic has contributed to a resurgence of this disease in regions where it had previously been largely controlled.
Tuberculous peritonitis frequently complicates patients with underlying end-stage renal or
liver disease that further adds to the diagnostic difficulty. The diagnosis of this disease, however, remains a challenge because of its insidious nature, the variability of its presentation and the limitations of available diagnostic tests. A high index of suspicion is needed whenever confronted with unexplained
ascites, particularly in high-risk patients. Based on a systematic review of the literature, we recommend:
tuberculous peritonitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all patients presenting with unexplained lymphocytic
ascites and those with a serum-
ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) of <11 g/L; culture growth of Mycobacterium of the ascitic fluid or peritoneal biopsy as the gold standard test; further studies to determine the role of polymerase chain reaction, ascitic
adenosine deaminase and the BACTEC radiometric system for acceleration of mycobacterial identification as means of improving the diagnostic yield; increasing utilization of ultrasound and computerized tomographic scan for the diagnosis and as a guidance to obtain peritoneal biopsies; low threshold for diagnostic laparoscopy; treatment for 6 months with the first-line antituberculous drugs (
isoniazid,
rifampicin,
ethambutol and
pyrazinamide) in uncomplicated cases.