Insulin resistance is a cardinal feature of normal pregnancy and excess
growth hormone (GH) states, but its underlying mechanism remains enigmatic. We previously found a significant increase in the p85 regulatory subunit of
phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI 3-kinase) and striking decrease in IRS-1-associated
PI 3-kinase activity in the skeletal muscle of transgenic animals overexpressing human placental
growth hormone. Herein, using transgenic mice bearing deletions in p85alpha, p85beta, or
insulin-like growth factor-1, we provide novel evidence suggesting that overexpression of p85alpha is a primary mechanism for skeletal muscle
insulin resistance in response to GH. We found that the excess in total p85 was entirely accounted for by an increase in the free p85alpha-specific
isoform. In mice with a liver-specific deletion in
insulin-like growth factor-1, excess GH caused
insulin resistance and an increase in skeletal muscle p85alpha, which was completely reversible using a GH-releasing
hormone antagonist. To understand the role of p85alpha in GH-induced
insulin resistance, we used mice bearing deletions of the genes coding for p85alpha or p85beta, respectively (p85alpha (+/-) and p85beta(-/-)). Wild type and p85beta(-/-) mice developed in vivo
insulin resistance and demonstrated overexpression of p85alpha and reduced
insulin-stimulated
PI 3-kinase activity in skeletal muscle in response to GH. In contrast, p85alpha(+/-)mice retained global
insulin sensitivity and
PI 3-kinase activity associated with reduced p85alpha expression. These findings demonstrated the importance of increased p85alpha in mediating skeletal muscle
insulin resistance in response to GH and suggested a potential role for reducing p85alpha as a therapeutic strategy for enhancing
insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle.