Certain
plant-derived compounds show
selective estrogen receptor modulator (
SERM) activity and may therefore be an alternative to the conventional
hormone replacement therapy, which prevents
osteoporosis but is also associated with an increased risk of breast and
endometrial cancers. In the current study, we tested the effects of the hop-derived compounds
8-prenylnaringenin,
6-prenylnaringenin,
xanthohumol and
isoxanthohumol (1) to modulate markers of differentiation and gene expression in osteoblasts and (2) to regulate proliferation in MCF-7
breast cancer cells. Additionally, we analyzed the ER-binding affinities of these hop compounds as well as the ER-mediation of their effects. Bone-forming activity and ER-subtype specificity were investigated by measuring
alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in hFOB/
ERalpha cells and regulation of gene transcription for AP,
interleukin-6, pS2 and
von Willebrand factor (VWF) in U-2 OS/
ERalpha and U-2 OS/
ERbeta cells. Our results demonstrate that AP, pS2 and VWF
mRNA levels are significantly increased by the compounds in an
estrogen-like manner via both
ERalpha and
ERbeta, while
IL-6 is down-regulated in U-2 OS/
ERalpha cells. Consistently, AP enzymatic activity is up-regulated by all compounds in hFOB/ERalpha9 cells. Depending on their concentration, all compounds show proliferative effects in MCF-7 cells. Except for 8-PN the hop constituents display an
ERbeta-preference. Reversal of
estrogen-specific AP-induction in Ishikawa cells indicates an ER-regulated mechanism. Finally, the
flavonoids display cytotoxic effects only at high concentrations (> or =10(-4)M). In summary, we have demonstrated for the first time that specific
phytoestrogen compounds found in hop extracts exert
estrogen-like activities on bone metabolism. Regarding a potential for use in
osteoporosis-prevention
therapy, the dosage of a
phytoestrogen, which is taken, will play an important role concerning a desired in vivo profile.