Infection with HIV drives the
tuberculosis epidemic, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where up to 75% of individuals with
tuberculosis are co-infected with HIV. This article reviews the epidemiological link between the conditions, how
tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment differ between HIV-infected versus -uninfected individuals and the span of additional measures required to prevent and control HIV-related
tuberculosis.
Tuberculosis chemotherapy using standard short-course regimens is highly effective in both groups, and treatment follows the same principles. It differs in certain aspects, such as when antiretroviral treatment should be started in HIV-infected individuals with
tuberculosis and consideration of
drug-drug interactions between the
rifamycins and certain antiretroviral drugs. Control of HIV-related
tuberculosis requires, fundamentally, control of HIV transmission. Meanwhile, it is necessary to make concentrated efforts to intensify high-quality
tuberculosis services employing the directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) strategy, carry out extensive research towards an evidence-based model for the expanded scope of collaborative
tuberculosis and HIV/
AIDS interventions, and ensure efficient implementation of the findings and recommended policies. The challenge is gigantic, and both robust within-country and international leadership and competent management capabilities will be required, in addition to substantial human and financial resources.