There are reports that some protozoa, helminths and fungi may impair women's reproductive capacity, causing
deformities of genital tract, so that conception is impossible, or, if it does occur, normal implantation and development of placenta are impossible. Schistosoma haematobium may cause vulvar papule, swelling,
tumors, irregular vaginal
hemorrhage, tubular
infertility and
ectopic pregnancies. Patients with
cirrhosis caused by schistosomas have gonadal dysfunction and
schistosomiasis itself can lead to tubular
infertility. Some authors found microfilaria of Mansonella perstans in follicular aspirates in patients with tubular adhesions. Chronic
Entamoeba histolytica infection can cause
pelvic pain and
dyspareunia in some patients. Although Trichomonas vaginalis is a common cause of tubal
inflammation, this protozoa affects semen quality and leads to secondary
infertility. Soluble parasite extract of T. vaginalis can lead to impaired motility of 50% spermatozoa in vitro and affects semen quality by increased viscosity and amount of debris, or damage spermatozoid membrane. In enterobiosis, presence of adult worms and eggs in fallopian tube, can be followed by chronic
salpingitis and
tubal occlusion. Also in ascariosis, presence of adult forms and eggs can lead to acute colpitis. chronic
endometritis,
salpingitis or ovarian
abscess. The consequence of
fungal infections, such as colpitis and
endometritis, caused by Candida albicans, may be
infertility. Also, according to some reports, C. albicans leads to decreased spermatozoan motility.
CONCLUSION: