While the molecular basis underlying the non-classical actions of
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is presently unknown, a candidate
peptide sequence located at the C-terminus of AChE (
AChE-peptide) has recently been identified. This study explored the bioactivity of synthetic
AChE-peptide using in vitro organotypic cultures of rat hippocampus. Neurotrophic effects, detected as increased neurite outgrowth from MAP-immunopositive neurones, were apparent using 1 h exposure to 1-10 nM
AChE-peptide. As exposure time increased, cell death occurred as indicated by TdT-mediated dUTP
biotin nick-end labelling (TUNEL). This process was accelerated at higher
AChE-peptide concentrations, with
lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) efflux observed following prolonged exposure to 1-10 microM
AChE-peptide. Apoptotic cells were detected by
Hoechst 33342 staining following 24 h application of 10 nM
AChE-peptide. However,
propidium iodide reactivity revealed a simultaneous loss of membrane integrity indicative of
necrosis, suggesting that
AChE-peptide induces cell death via a continuum of apoptotic and necrotic processes. Prolonged exposure to
AChE-peptide also resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in neurite outgrowth from MAP2-positive neurons, although immunohistochemical studies provided some evidence of differential responsiveness in GABAergic,
cholinergic and
somatostatin neurones. In addition, bioactivity was sequence specific since a scrambled
AChE-peptide analogue, as well as the corresponding BuChE-
peptide, was ineffective. In conclusion, the bioactivity associated with the
AChE-peptide sequence may account for the non-
cholinergic actions of AChE, whilst its neurotrophic-apoptotic-necrotic spectrum of action may be involved in the aetiology of
neurodegenerative disorders such as
Alzheimer's disease.