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Effective pain reduction for multiple immunization injections in young infants.

AbstractBACKGROUND:
Infants experience undue pain with multiple immunization injections.
OBJECTIVE:
To assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and parental acceptance of a simple combination pain reduction intervention for infants receiving multiple immunization injections.
DESIGN:
Randomized, controlled, clinical trial.
SETTING:
Academic hospital-based primary care center.
PARTICIPANTS:
Infants receiving their 2-month immunizations, consisting of 4 injections (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine, inactivated poliovirus vaccine, Haemophilus influenzae b conjugate and hepatitis B vaccine [Comvax], and heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [Prevnar]).
INTERVENTIONS:
Subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group for administration of 4 injections. The intervention group received sucrose and oral tactile stimulation (with a pacifier or a bottle) and were held by their parents during immunization. The control group did not receive these interventions (standard practice).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Blinded assessment of audiotaped crying, heart rate, parent preference for future use of the injection technique, and nurse-rated ease of vaccine administration.
RESULTS:
One hundred sixteen infants (mean +/- SD age, 9.5 +/- 2.0 weeks) participated. The median (25th-75th percentile range) first cry duration was 19.0 (5.8-62.8) seconds for the intervention group compared with 57.5 (31.0-81.5) seconds for the control group (P =.002). Parents of the intervention group reported a stronger preference for future use of the injection procedure. For intervention vs control, the median (25th-75th percentile) parent preference visual analog scale score was 97.0 (82.0-100.0) vs 44.0 (5.0-77.2) (P<.001) (100 indicates definitely prefer). Nurse-rated ease of vaccine administration was equivalent for both treatment groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Combining sucrose, oral tactile stimulation, and parental holding was associated with significantly reduced crying in infants receiving multiple immunization injections. Parents stated a strong preference for future use of this method, and nurses found the intervention injection technique easy to apply.
AuthorsEvelyn Cohen Reis, Erika Kraus Roth, Janet L Syphan, Sally E Tarbell, Richard Holubkov
JournalArchives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine (Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med) Vol. 157 Issue 11 Pg. 1115-20 (Nov 2003) ISSN: 1072-4710 [Print] United States
PMID14609903 (Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial)
Chemical References
  • Sucrose
Topics
  • Administration, Oral
  • Chi-Square Distribution
  • Crying
  • Female
  • Heart Rate (physiology)
  • Humans
  • Immunization
  • Infant
  • Infant, Newborn
  • Injections (adverse effects)
  • Male
  • Pain (etiology, prevention & control)
  • Pain Measurement
  • Statistics, Nonparametric
  • Sucrose (administration & dosage)

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