Abstract | BACKGROUND: OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness, feasibility, and parental acceptance of a simple combination pain reduction intervention for infants receiving multiple immunization injections. DESIGN: Randomized, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING: Academic hospital-based primary care center. PARTICIPANTS: INTERVENTIONS: Subjects were randomly assigned to the intervention or control group for administration of 4 injections. The intervention group received sucrose and oral tactile stimulation (with a pacifier or a bottle) and were held by their parents during immunization. The control group did not receive these interventions (standard practice). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Blinded assessment of audiotaped crying, heart rate, parent preference for future use of the injection technique, and nurse-rated ease of vaccine administration. RESULTS: One hundred sixteen infants (mean +/- SD age, 9.5 +/- 2.0 weeks) participated. The median (25th-75th percentile range) first cry duration was 19.0 (5.8-62.8) seconds for the intervention group compared with 57.5 (31.0-81.5) seconds for the control group (P =.002). Parents of the intervention group reported a stronger preference for future use of the injection procedure. For intervention vs control, the median (25th-75th percentile) parent preference visual analog scale score was 97.0 (82.0-100.0) vs 44.0 (5.0-77.2) (P<.001) (100 indicates definitely prefer). Nurse-rated ease of vaccine administration was equivalent for both treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Combining sucrose, oral tactile stimulation, and parental holding was associated with significantly reduced crying in infants receiving multiple immunization injections. Parents stated a strong preference for future use of this method, and nurses found the intervention injection technique easy to apply.
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Authors | Evelyn Cohen Reis, Erika Kraus Roth, Janet L Syphan, Sally E Tarbell, Richard Holubkov |
Journal | Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine
(Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med)
Vol. 157
Issue 11
Pg. 1115-20
(Nov 2003)
ISSN: 1072-4710 [Print] United States |
PMID | 14609903
(Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial)
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Chemical References |
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Topics |
- Administration, Oral
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Crying
- Female
- Heart Rate
(physiology)
- Humans
- Immunization
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Injections
(adverse effects)
- Male
- Pain
(etiology, prevention & control)
- Pain Measurement
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Sucrose
(administration & dosage)
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