Telomerase, the
enzyme responsible for proliferative immortality, is expressed in essentially all
cancer cells, but not in most normal human cells. Thus, specific
telomerase inhibition is potentially a universal anticancer
therapy with few side effects. We designed N3'-->P5' thio-
phosphoramidate (NPS)
oligonucleotides as
telomerase template antagonists and found that their ability to form stable duplexes with the
telomerase RNA subunit was the key factor for antitelomerase activity. In biochemical assays 11-13-mer NPS
oligonucleotides demonstrated sequence- and dose-dependent inhibition of
telomerase with IC(50) values <1 nM. Optimization of the sequence, length, and bioavailability resulted in the selection of a 13-mer NPS
oligonucleotide,
GRN163, as a
drug development candidate.
GRN163 inhibited
telomerase in a cell-free assay at 45 +/- 7 pM, and in various tumor cell lines at approximately 1 nM and approximately 0.3-1.0 micro M in the presence and absence of carriers, respectively.
GRN163 was competitive with telomeric primer binding, primarily because of hybridization to human
telomerase RNA (hTR) component.
Tumor cells treated with
GRN163 in culture underwent telomere shortening, followed by cellular senescence or apoptosis after a period of time that generally correlated with initial telomere length. In a flank DU145 (
prostate cancer) xenograft model, parenterally administered
GRN163 caused suppression of
tumor growth in the absence of gross toxicity. These data demonstrate that
GRN163 has significant potential for additional development as an
anticancer agent.