Abstract |
The therapeutic effects of botulinum toxin are principally, if not exclusively, derived from an alteration in the release of acetylcholine (ACh) at pre-synaptic neurons. The rationale for how these effects could be beneficial in conditions characterized by excessive muscle contraction is clear, but the hypotheses regarding botulinum toxin-induced effects on pain are highly speculative. We explore five possible mechanisms by which botulinum toxin could directly or indirectly alter pain, including: 1) changes in the sensitivity and response patterns of group III and IV muscle nociceptors, 2) diminished activity in the gamma-motor neurons and consequent changes in muscle spindle afferents, 3) alterations in cholinergic control of vascular and autonomic functions, including neurogenic inflammation, 4) induced neuroplastic changes in the processing of afferent somatosensory activity at multiple levels of the neuroaxis, and 5) direct non- cholinergic effects on pain afferents.
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Authors | Joseph C Arezzo |
Journal | The Clinical journal of pain
(Clin J Pain)
2002 Nov-Dec
Vol. 18
Issue 6 Suppl
Pg. S125-32
ISSN: 0749-8047 [Print] United States |
PMID | 12569959
(Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)
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Chemical References |
- Botulinum Toxins
- Acetylcholine
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Topics |
- Acetylcholine
(antagonists & inhibitors, metabolism)
- Autonomic Nervous System
(drug effects, physiopathology)
- Botulinum Toxins
(metabolism, pharmacology, therapeutic use)
- Humans
- Muscle Spindles
(drug effects, physiopathology)
- Muscle, Skeletal
(drug effects, innervation, physiopathology)
- Neuronal Plasticity
(drug effects)
- Neurons
(drug effects, metabolism)
- Pain
(drug therapy, physiopathology)
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