Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by TLR family.

Abstract

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins involved in innate immunity by recognizing microbial conserved structures. Recent studies have shown that TLR3 recognizes dsRNA, a viral product, whereas TLR9 recognizes unmethylated CpG motifs frequently found in the genome of bacteria and viruses, but not vertebrates. TLR7 recognizes small synthetic immune modifiers including imiquimod, R-848, loxoribine, and bropirimine, all of which are already applied or promising for clinical use against viral infections and cancers. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells express TLR7 and TLR9, and respond to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands by producing a large amount of interferon (IFN-alpha). These results indicate that TLR3, TLR7 and TLR9 may play an important role in detecting and combating viral infections.

• Authors: Shizuo Akira, Hiroaki Hemmi
• Journal: Immunology letters (Immunol Lett) Vol. 85 Issue 2 Pg. 85-95 (Jan 22 2003) ISSN: 0165-2478 [Print] Netherlands
• PMID: 12527213 (Publication Type: Journal Article, Review)

Chemical References

• Ligands
• Lipopolysaccharides
• Membrane Glycoproteins
• Receptors, Cell Surface
• TLR3 protein, human
• TLR7 protein, human
• TLR9 protein, human
• Toll-Like Receptor 3
• Toll-Like Receptor 7
• Toll-Like Receptor 9
• Toll-Like Receptors

Topics

• Animals
• Bacteria (immunology)
• Dendritic Cells (immunology)
• Humans
• Immunity, Innate
• Ligands
• Lipopolysaccharides (immunology)
• Membrane Glycoproteins (chemistry, genetics, immunology, metabolism)
• Receptors, Cell Surface (chemistry, genetics, immunology, metabolism)
• Signal Transduction (immunology)
• Toll-Like Receptor 3
• Toll-Like Receptor 7
• Toll-Like Receptor 9
• Toll-Like Receptors
• Viruses (immunology)