During mammalian spermatogenesis, male germ cells undergo a dramatic transformation, which includes a change of shape, nuclear condensation, and development of specialised structures, such as an acrosome, and a flagellum with a mitochondrial sheath. We have found a previously undescribed pharmacological approach to intervene in these events. After
oral administration of the alkylated imino
sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) to mice, epididymal spermatozoa displayed a spectrum of abnormal head shapes, and acrosomal
antigens were mostly absent or displayed irregular patterns. In addition, the mitochondria of these cells often had an aberrant morphology, and were arranged in relatively short and wide mitochondrial sheaths. The motility of the affected spermatozoa was severely impaired. After 3 weeks of administration of NB-DNJ, male mice became sterile, and regained their fertility during the fourth week off
drug. The NB-DNJ-induced
infertility was not associated with a reduction in the serum
testosterone level. Biochemically, the capacity of
imino sugars to impair spermatogenesis was associated with their potential to attenuate the biosynthesis of
glucosylceramide-based
sphingolipids. Our study reveals that male fertility is affected by partial
glycosphingolipid depletion, or, alternatively, by a distinct as yet unidentified property that is shared by alkylated
imino sugars that inhibit
glucosylceramide biosynthesis. These compounds therefore may be new leads in the development of a
male contraceptive, especially because NB-DNJ has already been through extensive evaluation in various mammals, including man.