Psoriasis of the scalp is a frequently occurring condition affecting approximately 2% of the Western population. The sharply demarcated erythematosquamous lesions with
silver-white scaling characterize scalp
psoriasis. Quality of life can be seriously reduced by this condition and therefore long term treatment is needed in most patients.
Coal tar shampoos, containing 2 to 10%
coal tar solution, are effective in scalp
psoriasis. However, no double-blind studies are available to support such an assumption.
Salicylic acid 5 to 10% has a pronounced keratolytic effect.
Salicylic acid should be formulated in an
ointment, which can be washed off easily. Crude
coal tar is the most effective tar available for the treatment of
psoriasis. An important feature of
coal tar is its potent efficacy against
pruritus. At the scalp, the application of crude
coal tar is difficult. Therefore
coal tar solution is the most frequently applied tar preparation in scalp
psoriasis.
Dithranol 0.1 to 3% is manufactured in various formulations. Treatment is initiated at a low concentration and the concentration is increased stepwise until a slight irritation, the feeling of warmth, is reached. In the treatment of scalp
psoriasis, cream formulations are used.
Imidazole antifungals have been used with success in scalp
psoriasis. Overgrowth of the scalp with pityrosporon is a well-known feature of scalp
psoriasis and
seborrheic dermatitis. In case of resistance to other topical treatments use of a topical or systemic
imidazole derivative might be helpful. So far, topical
corticosteroids are the most frequently used treatments for
psoriasis of the scalp.
Corticosteroids inhibit epidermal proliferation, inhibit
inflammation and modulate immune functions. Topical
corticosteroids are fast acting: within 3 to 4 weeks maximal efficacy is reached. No data are available to support the efficacy and safety of topical
corticosteroids during long term use. However, from epidemiologic surveys we know that these treatments are used by the majority of patients for more than 8 weeks. Since 1992
vitamin D3 formulations have been developed for the treatment of
psoriasis.
Calcipotriol is available in most countries.
Tacalcitol is available in Japan and several other countries.
Vitamin D3 analogues inhibit epidermal proliferation, enhance cornification and inhibit
inflammation. Therefore,
vitamin D3 analogues have a substantial antipsoriatic effect. Systemic treatments such as
methotrexate,
cyclosporine and
acitretin are indicated in patients with recalcitrant disease. Management of scalp
psoriasis requires long term strategies in order to reach an optimal improvement of the condition, while avoiding the adverse effects associated with the long term use of treatments.