Epidemiological studies of
colorectal cancer incidence suggest that the development of this disease can be modulated by dietary factors. Among the
micronutrients showing significant efficacy in
tumor prevention are polyphenolic
antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables. Epidemiological studies also indicate that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (
NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of
colorectal cancer.
Integrin-mediated cell-matrix contact provides critical signaling that regulates cellular proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. A signaling mediator for this system is
focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Thus far, FAK has not been identified as a target for the inhibitory action of any chemopreventive
drug in vivo or in vitro. However, the loss of
integrin-mediated cell-matrix contact can induce apoptosis (anoikis), and effective chemopreventive agents typically increase the rate of enterocyte apoptosis. Therefore, we asked whether the
NSAID,
sulindac sulfide, and the phenolic
antioxidant,
caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), affected FAK expression or
tyrosine phosphorylation in human colon
carcinoma cells. We show that subapoptotic doses of both
sulindac sulfide and CAPE caused a rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and consequently the loss of focal adhesion plaques. These drugs also reduced the
tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and an associated factor, p130Cas. Steady-state levels of these
proteins, together with other relevant signaling molecules, remained unchanged
after treatments. Finally, we show that both CAPE and
sulindac reduced cell invasion, a functional assay for the inhibition of signaling downstream of FAK. These data strongly suggest that chemopreventive drugs can regulate FAK activity. In conclusion, these novel studies add modulation of
integrin-mediated signaling to the spectrum of activity of
NSAIDs and plant phenolics.