The approach to treating children and adolescents with
tic disorders has evolved in recent years such that complete elimination of
tics is no longer the primary goal of treatment. Indeed, given the high frequency of psychiatric comorbidity in TS, treatment planning begins with identification of target symptoms. Although traditional
neuroleptics still represent standard treatment for
tics, many families and clinicians are reluctant to use these agents because of concern about the potential for short- and long-term side effects. Thus, there is great interest in the newer atypical
neuroleptics. Interest in the atypical
neuroleptics is understandable, but much more study is needed before these agents can become first-line treatments for
tics. A small group of non-
neuroleptic medications have been used in the treatment of
tics. Of these,
clonidine,
guanfacine,
tetrabenazine,
pergolide, and
botulinum toxin injections have shown some promise for suppressing
tics. To date, however, only
clonidine has been evaluated in randomized, controlled trials, and the results are not consistent across studies. Although comorbid
ADHD is common in children with TS, treatment with stimulant medications was not recommended in children with
tics. Recent data suggest that stimulants may be used in some children with TS without adverse effects. Until more is known about which children with
ADHD and
tic disorders can be safely treated with stimulants, however, the use of stimulants in this population should be undertaken with caution. A handful of nonstimulant medications have been used in the treatment of
ADHD with some success, but more study is needed for most of these agents. Evaluation of the stimulants and nonstimulants for the treatment of
ADHD in children and adolescents with
tic disorders is an area worthy of large controlled trials.