O-Methyl
methylene violet (OMeMV), O-methyl bromomethylene violet (OMeBrMV) and O-methyl iodomethylene violet (OMeIMV) have been prepared in order to test their potential utility as anti-viral and anti-
tumor phototoxic
dyes. Rates of photosensitized toxicity of KB cells with 633 nm irradiation are (x 10(-19) photon-1): 2.4, 2.2, 1.9 and 0.17 for OMeIMV, OMeBrMV,
methylene violet (MV) and OMeMV, respectively. Rates of photosensitized inactivation of Sindbis virus in
phosphate-buffered saline with 633 nm irradiation are (x 10(-18) photon-1): 3.3, 1.8, 0.99, 0.15 for MV, OMeIMV, OMeBrMV and OMeMV, respectively. Quantum efficiencies for
singlet oxygen formation were determined as OMeIMV, 0.64; OMeBrMV, 0.40; OMeMV, 0.054. Titration of the
dyes with double-stranded (
ds)DNA resulted in bathochromic shifts and hypochromic effects in the visible absorption spectra. Association constants for interaction of the methylated
dyes with dsDNA of approximately 1 x 10(5) M-1 were determined by Scatchard analysis of equilibrium dialysis and UV absorption titration data. Photolysis of the halogenated
dyes with
DNA under
argon led to covalent bond formation with the
nucleic acid; there was no evidence of covalent binding in the dark.