Low-dose inhaled nitric oxide improves the oxygenation and ventilation of infants and children with acute, hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To describe the effects of inhaled nitric oxide on oxygenation and ventilation in patients with acute, hypoxic respiratory failure and to characterize those who respond to low doses with a significant improvement in PaO2.

DESIGN:

Prospective dose response trial of inhaled nitric oxide. Patients who demonstrated a > or =15% improvement in PaO2 were randomized to receive conventional mechanical ventilation with or without prolonged inhaled nitric oxide.

SETTING:

Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care children's hospital serving as a regional referral center for respiratory failure.

PATIENTS:

Pediatric patients with an acute parenchymal lung disease requiring mechanical ventilation, an F(IO2) of > or =0.5, a positive end-expiratory pressure of > or =7 cm H2O, and whose PaO2/FIO2 ratio was < or =160.

INTERVENTIONS:

PaO2, PaCO2, pH, heart rate, blood pressure, and methemoglobin were recorded at baseline and after inhaling 1, 5, 10, and 20 ppm of nitric oxide. Peak expiratory flow rate and mean airway resistance were measured while subjects received 0 and 20 ppm of inhaled nitric oxide. Patients were followed up until extubation or death.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

Twenty-six patients (median age, 2.6 yrs [range, 1 mo-18.2 yrs]) were enrolled in the study. PaO2 increased (p< .001) and Pa(CO2) fell (p< .0001) from baseline with the administration of inhaled nitric oxide. There was no statistical difference among 1, 5, 10, and 20 ppm with regard to effects on oxygenation. Sixteen patients (62%) responded to inhaled nitric oxide with a > or =15% improvement in PaO2; 14 of these responses occurred at a dose of 1 or 5 ppm. Response to inhaled nitric oxide was not associated with age, length of intubation, presence of primary lung disease, chest radiograph, or illness severity. Among patients weighing < or =20 kg, responders showed a greater fall in mean airway resistance (p < .05) than nonresponders. Mortality was not influenced by prolonged inhaled nitric oxide when analyzed by intention to treat. Patients receiving prolonged inhaled nitric oxide at doses of < or =20 ppm maintained methemoglobin levels of <3.0% and circuit concentrations of NO2 of <1 ppm.

CONCLUSIONS:

Inhaled nitric oxide at doses of < or =5 ppm improves the oxygenation and (to a lesser extent) ventilation of most children with acute, hypoxic respiratory failure. The unpredictable response of patients necessitates individualized dosing of inhaled nitric oxide, starting at concentrations of < or =1 ppm. Inhaled nitric oxide at < or =20 ppm may exert a small salutary effect on bronchial tone. The benefits of prolonged inhaled nitric oxide remain unknown.

• Authors: R S Ream, J F Hauver, R E Lynch, B Kountzman, G B Gale, R B Mink
• Journal: Critical care medicine (Crit Care Med) Vol. 27 Issue 5 Pg. 989-96 (May 1999) ISSN: 0090-3493 [Print] United States
• PMID: 10362425 (Publication Type: Clinical Trial, Journal Article, Randomized Controlled Trial, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't)

Chemical References

• Vasodilator Agents
• Nitric Oxide
• Methemoglobin
• Oxygen

Topics

• Acute Disease
• Administration, Inhalation
• Adolescent
• Airway Resistance (drug effects)
• Blood Gas Analysis
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Female
• Humans
• Hypoxia (drug therapy, metabolism, physiopathology)
• Infant
• Male
• Methemoglobin (metabolism)
• Nitric Oxide (therapeutic use)
• Oxygen (blood)
• Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (drug effects)
• Prospective Studies
• Pulmonary Ventilation (drug effects)
• Respiration, Artificial
• Respiratory Insufficiency (drug therapy, metabolism, physiopathology)
• Survival Analysis
• Treatment Outcome
• Vasodilator Agents (therapeutic use)