Geographic Atrophy

A form of MACULAR DEGENERATION also known as dry macular degeneration marked by occurrence of a well-defined progressive lesion or atrophy in the central part of the RETINA called the MACULA LUTEA. It is distinguishable from WET MACULAR DEGENERATION in that the latter involves neovascular exudates.

Also Known As:

Networked: 588 relevant articles (22 outcomes, 91 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Macular Degeneration (Age-Related Maculopathy)
2.	Eye Diseases (Eye Disease)
3.	Choroidal Neovascularization
4.	Atrophy
5.	Disease Progression

Experts

1.	Chew, Emily Y: 26 articles (01/2022 - 09/2007)
2.	Klein, Ronald: 25 articles (01/2020 - 10/2002)
3.	Holz, Frank G: 24 articles (01/2022 - 02/2002)
4.	Schmitz-Valckenberg, Steffen: 18 articles (11/2021 - 02/2002)
5.	Fleckenstein, Monika: 14 articles (11/2021 - 08/2008)
6.	Klein, Barbara E K: 14 articles (01/2020 - 10/2002)
7.	Ferris, Frederick L: 14 articles (01/2019 - 04/2005)
8.	Hinton, David R: 13 articles (01/2022 - 10/2008)
9.	Rosenfeld, Philip J: 13 articles (01/2022 - 09/2013)
10.	Agrón, Elvira: 12 articles (01/2022 - 09/2008)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Geographic Atrophy:

1.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 08/01/2014 - "This study has been designed to describe the functional impact of distinct pathologies within the retinal layers in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) by means of a point-to-point correlation between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and microperimetry. " 10/27/2023 - "The most commonly reported prognostic factors were baseline drusen volume/size, which was associated with progression to neovascular AMD, and outer retinal thinning linked to progression to geographic atrophy. " 12/01/2022 - "The patients were followed for advanced AMD with neovascularization (2 cases), advanced AMD with geographic atrophy (3 cases), intermediate AMD (1 case) ; one patient was followed for diabetes ; three patients had no identified retinal pathology. " 05/01/2022 - "Long-term retinal changes in progressive geographic atrophy." 01/01/2022 - "A genomewide association analysis (GWAS) was conducted for the presence and quantity of each of three retinal traits: geographic atrophy, drusen area, and drusen volume. "
2.	Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)IBA 10/21/2023 - "Over the full 60 months of anti-VEGF treatment, eyes with MNV-1 showed a greater reduction in choroidal thickness, better visual acuity, and less development of subfoveal geographic atrophy compared with eyes with MNV-2. " 01/01/2022 - "In addition, reviews of patients with nAMD treated with anti-VEGF have reported deterioration of vision over time with progression of geographic atrophy. " 01/05/2021 - "Enlargement rate of geographic atrophy before and after secondary CNV conversion with associated anti-VEGF treatment." 01/01/2020 - "Multivariate regressions were used to compare nonexudative and exudative AMD eyes and the impact of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatments or geographic atrophy (GA). " 04/01/2018 - "However, there is not yet direct proof of a causal relationship between geographic atrophy and use of anti-VEGF agents in neovaskuler AMD. "
3.	Brimonidine Tartrate (Alphagan)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2021 - "PHASE 2 STUDY OF THE SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF BRIMONIDINE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (BRIMO DDS) GENERATION 1 IN PATIENTS WITH GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION." 01/01/2021 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System (Brimo DDS), a biodegradable intravitreal implant, in the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration. " 07/01/2023 - "Randomized Phase IIb Study of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System Generation 2 for Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration." 07/01/2023 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of repeat injections of Brimonidine Drug Delivery System (Brimo DDS) Generation 2 (Gen 2) containing 400-μg brimonidine in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). "
4.	Complement System Proteins (Complement)IBA 10/11/2023 - "Future studies assessing complement inhibition at earlier stages of AMD, with the goal of preventing geographic atrophy formation, are warranted." 01/01/2023 - "To evaluate available rationale and outcomes of randomized trial results for complement inhibition for geographic atrophy. " 01/01/2022 - "Inhibition of Complement Factor 3 in Geographic Atrophy with NGM621: Phase 1 Dose-Escalation Study Results." 01/01/2020 - "Furthermore, the antibody-based trials targeting the complement pathway to reduce progression of geographic atrophy (GA) in dry AMD are discussed. " 07/31/2023 - "CORRESPONDENCE Regarding the article: Complement Inhibition for Geographic Atrophy: Review of Salient Functional Outcomes and Perspective."
5.	Complement Factor D (Factor D)IBA 01/01/2017 - "Targeting factor D of the alternative complement pathway reduces geographic atrophy progression secondary to age-related macular degeneration." 09/02/2021 - "Aim: PEGylated anti-Factor D Fab (PEG-aFD) was developed as a potential therapeutic for geographic atrophy, targeting factor D, the rate-limiting enzyme in the alternative complement pathway. " 01/01/2019 - "The complement factor D inhibitor, lampalizumab, failed to halt geographic atrophy (GA) progression in phase 3 studies. " 02/01/2014 - "A phase ia dose-escalation study of the anti-factor D monoclonal antibody fragment FCFD4514S in patients with geographic atrophy." 01/01/2018 - "The nonclinical toxicology program described here was designed to characterize the safety profile of anti-factor D (AFD; FCFD4514S, lampalizumab) to support intravitreal (ITV) administration in patients with geographic atrophy (GA). "
6.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 02/01/2014 - "A phase ia dose-escalation study of the anti-factor D monoclonal antibody fragment FCFD4514S in patients with geographic atrophy." 10/01/2018 - "A Randomized Phase 2 Study of an Anti-Amyloid β Monoclonal Antibody in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration." 02/21/2014 - "Several clinical trials designed to interfere specifically with these pathomechanisms have yielded rather disappointing results, although a phase II study of the monoclonal antibody lampalizumab showed that blocking complement factor D lessened the progression of geographic atrophy. " 02/01/2014 - "Multicenter, open-label, single-dose, dose-escalation Phase Ia study to determine the safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose, and immunogenicity of FCFD4514S, an antigen-binding fragment from a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against complement factor D, in patients with geographic atrophy. " 10/01/2018 - "To investigate the efficacy of intravenous GSK933776, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the N-terminal amino acids of amyloid β, for the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). "
7.	FenretinideIBA 03/01/2013 - "The efficacy of fenretinide (100 and 300 mg daily, orally) to slow lesion growth in geographic atrophy patients was examined in a 2-year, placebo-controlled double-masked trial that enrolled 246 patients at 30 clinical sites in the United States. " 03/01/2013 - "The findings of this study and the established safety profile of fenretinide in chronic dosing regimens warrant further study of fenretinide in the treatment of geographic atrophy." 03/01/2013 - "Investigation of oral fenretinide for treatment of geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration." 12/17/2020 - "There is limited evidence to support the use of visual cycle modulators (emixustat and fenretinide) for the treatment of established geographic atrophy due to AMD. The possible reduction in the incidence of CNV observed with fenretinide, and to a lesser extent, emixustat, requires formal assessment in focused studies." 10/01/2018 - "Fenretinide and emixustat are VCMs for dry AMD and STGD1 that failed to halt geographic atrophy progression or improve vision in trials for AMD. "
8.	AntioxidantsIBA 09/01/2011 - "There are currently limited treatment options available for the exudative form of the disease and no formal treatments for the geographic atrophy form aside from lifestyle change and incorporation of antioxidant supplements in the diet. " 10/01/2001 - "Those with extensive intermediate size drusen, at least 1 large druse, noncentral geographic atrophy in 1 or both eyes, or advanced AMD or vision loss due to AMD in 1 eye, and without contraindications such as smoking, should consider taking a supplement of antioxidants plus zinc such as that used in this study." 11/01/2008 - "The Carotenoids in Age-Related Maculopathy (CARMA) Study is a randomized and double-masked clinical trial of antioxidant supplementation versus placebo in 433 participants with either early AMD features of sufficient severity in at least one eye or any level of AMD in one eye with late AMD (neovascular AMD or central geographic atrophy) in the fellow eye. " 04/01/2005 - "To describe the association of demographic, behavioral, medical, and nonretinal ocular factors with the incidence of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and central geographic atrophy (CGA) in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), a randomized trial of antioxidants and zinc supplementation prophylaxis for development of advanced AMD. " 12/01/2010 - "To investigate the safety and preliminary efficacy of OT-551, a disubstituted hydroxylamine with antioxidant properties, for the treatment of geographic atrophy (GA), the advanced atrophic form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). "
9.	Retinal Pigments (Pigments, Visual)IBA 10/02/2008 - "The TLR3 412Phe variant confers protection against geographic atrophy, probably by suppressing the death of retinal pigment epithelial cells. " 10/01/1999 - "A PCFP was associated with confluent drusen (P = .01), the presence of focal retinal pigment epithelial-atrophic patches in the study eye (P=.005), and geographic atrophy in the fellow eye (P=.03). " 10/01/2022 - "Decreased choroidal perfusion is evident in eyes with dry AMD and is thought to play a role in retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction, the rate of development of geographic atrophy, and the development of neovascularization. " 01/01/2018 - "Decreased Wnt and Nrf2 signaling leads to retinal pigment epithelial dysfunction and apoptosis, and a phenotype that is strikingly similar to geographic atrophy (GA), an advanced form of AMD with no effective treatment. " 11/01/2017 - "Current clinical measures of retinal pigment epithelial health only look for areas of cell death, as in geographic atrophy. "
10.	tandospironeIBA 12/01/2015 - "To determine the safety and efficacy of AL-8309B (tandospirone) in the management of patients with geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and obtain standardized data on GA lesion growth progression. " 12/01/2015 - "Randomized Trial to Evaluate Tandospirone in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The GATE Study." 05/01/2016 - "During the review period, the COMPLETE (Systemic complement inhibition with eculizumab for geographic atrophy in age-related macular degeneration) and the GATE (Randomized trial to evaluate tandospirone in geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration) studies, respectively, reported no beneficial effects of intravenous eculizumab or tandospirone eye drops, respectively, identified on the growth of geographic atrophy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2011 - "At present there is no effective treatment for the prevailing geographic atrophy, dry AMD, whereas antiangiogenic therapies successful used in managing the wet form of AMD. " 12/01/2023 - "Exploring patient acceptability of emerging intravitreal therapies for geographic atrophy: A mixed-methods study." 01/01/2017 - "This information may be particularly useful for obtaining an accurate timeline of incipient geographic atrophy in clinic populations and for quantifying anatomic end points and response to therapy in AMD clinical trials." 01/01/2010 - "This procedure is relatively simple to perform and can be utilized to measure choroidal density efficiently in mouse models, which may be useful for preclinical studies relevant to the pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutics of geographic atrophy." 12/01/2023 - "The acceptability of emerging intravitreal therapies for patients with Geographic Atrophy (GA) is currently unknown. "
2.	Injections 10/21/2023 - "Main outcome measures included the following: subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), development of subfoveal geographic atrophy (GA), and the number of injections. " 12/01/2021 - "Sixteen (18.2%) developed sub-foveal geographic atrophy (GA), 25 (28.4%) developed fibrovascular scarring (FV) and 47 (53.4%) developed regressed choroidal neovascularization (rCNV) with 16.9 ± 13.3 average injections between the 3 groups which was not statistically significant. " 08/01/2016 - "According to the results of the CATT study with reference to the potential relationship between ranibizumab injections and the occurrence of geographic atrophy (GA) this retrospective real life evaluation was performed. " 01/01/2022 - "Late AMD was defined as the presence of geographic atrophy or neovascular AMD detected on annual stereoscopic fundus photographs or as documented by medical records, including intravitreous injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor medication. " 12/17/2020 - "The most common form, geographic atrophy, has no effective treatment to date, whereas neovascular AMD can be treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections. "
3.	Prostheses and Implants (Prosthesis) 01/01/2020 - "We carried out a first-in-human clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of the prosthesis in patients with geographic atrophy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03333954). " 11/01/2008 - "Patients with end-stage AMD (bilateral geographic atrophy or disciform scars; BCVA, 20/80 to 20/800) received the telescope prosthesis at 28 centers. "
4.	Autologous Transplantation 09/01/2000 - "This procedure supports the hypothesis that RPE autotransplantation may be helpful in geographic atrophy and conditions requiring submacular surgery."
5.	Intravitreal Injections 01/01/2022 - "To evaluate the safety and tolerability of single and multiple intravitreal injections of NGM621 in patients with geographic atrophy (GA) and to characterize the pharmacokinetics and immunogenic potential. " 01/01/2021 - "Acceptability of intravitreal injections in geographic atrophy: protocol for a mixed-methods pilot study." 04/04/2019 - "Therapeutic Approaches with Intravitreal Injections in Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Drugs and Potential Molecules." 12/01/2022 - "The clinical interventional, prospective, single-centre, case series study included patients with age-related macular degeneration-related geographic atrophy (GA), in whom the eye with the worse best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) underwent a single, or repeated, intravitreal injection of EGF (0.75 µg in 50 µL). " 06/01/2022 - "To establish the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an intravitreal injection of recombinant human complement factor H (CFH), GEM103, in individuals with genetically defined age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and geographic atrophy (GA). "