Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis

DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS of an upper extremity vein (e.g., AXILLARY VEIN; SUBCLAVIAN VEIN; and JUGULAR VEINS). It is associated with mechanical factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Primary) secondary to other anatomic factors (Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Secondary). Symptoms may include sudden onset of pain, warmth, redness, blueness, and swelling in the arm.

Also Known As:

Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis; Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Secondary; Effort Induced Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Effort Related Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Exercise Induced Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Paget Schroetter Syndrome; Syndrome, Paget-Schroetter; Effort-Induced Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Effort-Related Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Exercise-Induced Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Idiopathic Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis; Paget-Schroetter Syndrome; Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis, Primary

Networked: 183 relevant articles (8 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Cardiovascular Diseases: 91362
- Vascular Diseases: 15138
  - Embolism and Thrombosis: 119
    - Thrombosis: 77732
      - Venous Thrombosis: 19259
        Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: 183

Related Diseases

1.	Thrombosis (Thrombus)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Venous Thromboembolism
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
5.	Thrombocytopenia (Thrombopenia)

Experts

1.	Chopra, Vineet: 3 articles (01/2019 - 05/2015)
2.	Martinelli, Ida: 3 articles (09/2012 - 08/2004)
3.	Agostini, Fabiana: 2 articles (01/2022 - 08/2020)
4.	Di Nisio, Marcello: 2 articles (01/2022 - 12/2016)
5.	Pola, Roberto: 2 articles (01/2022 - 08/2020)
6.	Porfidia, Angelo: 2 articles (01/2022 - 08/2020)
7.	Houghton, Damon E: 2 articles (01/2021 - 01/2020)
8.	Gelabert, Hugh A: 2 articles (01/2020 - 03/2007)
9.	Illig, Karl A: 2 articles (01/2020 - 01/2019)
10.	Warren, Patrick: 2 articles (01/2019 - 03/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis:

1.	apixabanIBA 01/01/2021 - "Further research is needed to definitively determine the safety and efficacy of apixaban for the use of pediatric anticoagulation, particularly in upper extremity deep vein thrombosis." 01/01/2021 - "Successful Use of Apixaban for Paget-Schroetter Syndrome in a Pediatric Patient." 04/01/2021 - "Apixaban anti-Xa level monitoring in treatment of acute upper extremity deep vein thrombosis for patient on chronic hemodialysis: a case report." 01/01/2018 - "A 56-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) was diagnosed with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) one month prior to presentation and was started on apixaban presented with dyspnea and left-sided pleuritic chest pain for two weeks. " 08/01/2023 - "Low-dose apixaban or rivaroxaban as secondary prophylaxis of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis."
2.	Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors (Antiplatelet Drugs)IBA 08/01/2009 - "Antiplatelet agents appear to be effective in preventing shunt and central venous catheter thrombosis, but not for preventing thrombosis of arteriovenous grafts. "
3.	Warfarin (Coumadin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2016 - "Investigations showed an upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) of the right arm with an associated asymptomatic pulmonary embolism, which was treated with warfarin anticoagulation. " 09/01/2007 - "The use of low-dose warfarin as prophylaxis for central venous catheter thrombosis in patients with cancer: a meta-analysis." 11/01/1999 - "Low-dose warfarin should be used to prevent venous thrombosis and indwelling central venous catheter thrombosis in patients with cancer." 01/09/2010 - "The objective of this study was to report the outcome of a 25 years old male patient with idiopathic upper extremity deep vein thrombosis treated conservatively with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and oral warfarin. " 01/01/2017 - "Lovenox 90 mg subcutaneous twice daily (1 mg/kg BID) was started together with warfarin to keep INR 2-3. In addition to the unusual location in the left upper extremity in our case, the absence of common etiologic factors makes our case of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome a very unique one. "
4.	Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin (Heparin, Low Molecular Weight)IBA 01/01/1993 - "Axillary venous thrombosis (Paget-Schroetter syndrome): possible therapy by low-molecular weight heparin." 02/01/2015 - "Data on efficacy and safety of using low molecular weight heparin in cancer patients with catheter-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis is scarce and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuation of anticoagulation is unknown. " 01/09/2010 - "The objective of this study was to report the outcome of a 25 years old male patient with idiopathic upper extremity deep vein thrombosis treated conservatively with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and oral warfarin. " 07/01/1999 - "Among the therapeutic options advocated for the therapy of upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis, unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin followed by at least 3 months of oral anticoagulants should be regarded as the treatment of choice. " 08/01/2007 - "A pilot study of central venous catheter survival in cancer patients using low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin) and warfarin without catheter removal for the treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (The Catheter Study)."
5.	Fibrinolytic Agents (Antithrombotic Agents)IBA 03/01/2007 - "The goal of this study is to compare thrombolytic agents in the management of acute Paget-Schroetter syndrome. " 06/19/1976 - "Eight patients with upper extremity deep-vein thrombosis were treated with thrombolytic agents. " 05/01/2007 - "This initial single-center study describes three cases of axillary-subclavian vein thrombosis (Paget-Schroetter syndrome) treated with a rapid, novel thrombectomy technique, termed "power-pulse spray thrombectomy," in which a thrombolytic agent is directly infused into the clot via a catheter, followed by intravascular mechanical clot fracture and removal. "
6.	AnticoagulantsIBA 01/01/2022 - "Anticoagulant treatment for upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis." 08/01/2020 - "Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis treated with direct oral anticoagulants: a multi-center real world experience." 01/01/2017 - "Treatment with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis." 02/25/2002 - "The safety of withholding anticoagulant treatment in a patient with suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis and negative ultrasonographic results is uncertain." 07/01/2020 - "The main complication we observed was upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, 10 (2.4%); all patients were rescued by anticoagulant treatment without peripherally inserted central catheter-PORT removal. "
7.	RivaroxabanIBA 10/01/2020 - "Morbidly Obese Patient on Rivaroxaban Presents With Recurrent Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis: A Case Report." 09/01/2019 - "Rivaroxaban in the treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: A single-center experience and review of the literature." 02/01/2023 - "Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban for the treatment of PICC-related upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in cancer patients: a retrospective study." 01/01/2017 - "Rivaroxaban withdrawal and rebound hypercoagulability leading to upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a case report." 10/01/2020 - "A morbidly obese patient with history of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism was diagnosed with an acute left upper extremity deep vein thrombosis and started on rivaroxaban. "
8.	fibrin fragment D (D-dimer)IBA 12/01/2016 - "In a management study, a diagnostic algorithm consisting of a clinical decision rule, D-dimer, and ultrasonography was shown to safely exclude upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT). " 02/26/2021 - "Paget-Schroetter syndrome in a young fitness enthusiast with a negative D-dimer: highlighting the balance between clinical suspicion and diagnostic modalities." 01/01/2017 - "Background Among patients with clinically suspected upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT), a clinical decision rule based on the Constans score combined with D-dimer testing can safely rule out the diagnosis without imaging in approximately one-fifth of patients. " 01/01/2017 - "Essentials The Constans score and D-dimer can rule out upper extremity deep vein thrombosis without imaging. " 12/01/2016 - "A clinical decision rule and D-dimer testing to rule out upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in high-risk patients."
9.	Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (Urokinase)FDA Link 03/01/2007 - "This study is based on a retrospective review of 30 consecutive patients (15 Urokinase, 15 r-TPA) who underwent thrombolysis and surgery for Paget-Schroetter syndrome. " 06/01/1989 - "Continuous infusion of low-dose urokinase in the treatment of central venous catheter thrombosis in infants and children." 12/01/2014 - "Thrombolytic Therapy Using Urokinase for Management of Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis." 10/01/1998 - "Of 264 patients with effort thrombosis (Paget-Schroetter syndrome), 211 were treated by urokinase thrombolysis and prompt first rib resection with excellent long-term results. "
10.	Prothrombin (Factor II)IBA 08/01/1999 - "Paget-Schroetter syndrome associated with FV:Q506 and prothrombin 20210A--a case report." 01/01/2001 - "Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in a young patient double heterozygous for factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutation." 01/01/2001 - "We report on a 19-year-old girl with upper extremity deep vein thrombosis after catheter indwelling whose thrombophilic study disclosed the coexistence of factor V Leiden and the prothrombin G20210A mutation. " 01/01/2008 - "Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis in a patient on clozapine therapy carrying the prothrombin G20210A mutation." 01/01/2008 - "We report the case of a patient who developed upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis just 2 months after starting on clozapine in whom the thrombophilia work-up revealed the presence of the prothrombin G20210A mutation."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Decompression 04/01/2007 - "Prompt thrombolysis followed by surgical venous decompression for Paget-Schroetter syndrome has markedly improved results compared with the conservative anticoagulation approach; thrombolysis and prompt first rib resection is the optimal treatment for most patients with Paget-Schroetter syndrome. " 09/01/2023 - "For Paget Schroetter syndrome a management protocol encompassing elective thoracic outlet decompression at a convenient time following thrombolysis is safe and effective, with low risk of rethrombosis. " 09/01/2023 - "Results of a Flexible Patient-Centered Approach to the Timing of Thoracic Outlet Decompression in Paget Schroetter Syndrome." 07/01/2020 - "The optimal timing of decompression surgery after thrombolysis in patients with primary upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is still a matter of debate. " 09/01/2015 - "The preponderance of existing literature for the treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) advocates clot lysis followed by thoracic outlet decompression (TOD). "
2.	Thrombolytic Therapy 03/01/1997 - "Thrombolytic therapy appears to be a safe and efficacious method of establishing immediate patency of the axillosubclavian vein and may be helpful in establishing a symptom-free result in patients with Paget-Schroetter syndrome. " 01/01/2019 - "To investigate treatment-related outcomes, namely radiological clot resolution, post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), and health related quality-of-life (HRQoL) scores, in children with Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) undergoing multidisciplinary management, including anticoagulation and decompressive rib-resection surgery, with or without thrombolytic therapy. " 01/01/2011 - "We discuss briefly the role of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis and also the role of systemic thrombolysis in selected patients." 04/01/1993 - "We discuss briefly the role of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis and the potential advantages of using anistrepalase." 04/01/1993 - "Upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis: thrombolytic therapy with anistrepalase."
3.	Therapeutics 02/01/1993 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a staged, multimodal algorithm of therapy for durable correction of Paget-Schroetter syndrome. " 07/01/2015 - "No studies have identified which patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis (DVT) are at low risk for adverse events within the first week of therapy. " 04/01/2019 - "To characterize the degree of venous collateralization before and after endovascular therapy and determine the effect of collateralization on success of thrombolysis and rate of repeat intervention in patients with Paget-Schroetter syndrome. " 12/11/2017 - "There is currently insufficient evidence from which to draw conclusion on the benefits or harms of thrombolysis for the treatment of individuals with acute upper extremity deep vein thrombosis as an add-on therapy to anticoagulation, alone compared with anticoagulation, or alone compared with any other type of medical intervention. " 03/01/2017 - "Interventional Therapy for Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis."
4.	Central Venous Catheters 05/23/2023 - "A total of 36 (16.7%) patients had VTE, mostly as upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (n = 28, 77.8%); 18 (50%) of the cases were related to central venous catheter insertion. " 12/01/2016 - "Central venous catheters are a leading cause of upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis. " 01/01/2016 - "Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis should be kept in mind in the presence of any symptom on upper extremity during postoperative period even in patients without central venous catheter." 12/01/2015 - "Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is an increasingly recognized complication in medical inpatients, with few data available regarding the incidence, risk factors and association with central venous catheter (CVC) use. " 03/01/2015 - "Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis: a complication of an indwelling peripherally inserted central venous catheter."
5.	Surgical Decompression 01/01/2001 - "Safety and efficacy of early surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet for Paget-Schroetter syndrome." 06/01/2017 - "To assess subclavian vein (SCV) patency and long-term functional outcomes following surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet (SDTO) for Paget-Schroetter Syndrome (PSS). " 01/01/2014 - "We are presenting a 43-year-old man who was diagnosed with left upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) and was treated with anticoagulation and surgical decompression in 2004. " 01/01/2001 - "Lysis followed by early surgical decompression should be considered a new standard of care in the management of Paget-Schroetter syndrome." 09/01/2016 - "The purpose of the study was to evaluate feasibility of pharmacomechanical thrombectomy (PMT) in the treatment of Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) followed by thoracoscopic or open surgical decompression of the subclavian vein. "