Genu Valgum

An inward slant of the thigh in which the knees are close together and the ankles far apart. Genu valgum can develop due to skeletal and joint dysplasias (e.g., OSTEOARTHRITIS; HURLER SYNDROME); and malnutrition (e.g., RICKETS; FLUORIDE POISONING).

Also Known As:

Networked: 166 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)
4.	Respiratory Insufficiency (Respiratory Failure)
5.	Pneumonia (Pneumonitis)

Experts

1.	Getgood, Alan: 3 articles (01/2022 - 01/2013)
2.	Joseph, Benjamin: 2 articles (11/2022 - 06/2013)
3.	Mackenzie, William G: 2 articles (04/2022 - 07/2012)
4.	Thacker, Mihir M: 2 articles (04/2022 - 07/2012)
5.	Sud, Alok: 2 articles (03/2022 - 03/2019)
6.	Gupta, Vikas: 2 articles (06/2021 - 06/2014)
7.	Chand, Suresh: 2 articles (03/2019 - 07/2017)
8.	Wylie, James D: 2 articles (11/2018 - 12/2016)
9.	Nha, Kyung Wook: 2 articles (01/2018 - 07/2017)
10.	Aguiar-Oliveira, Manuel H: 2 articles (08/2017 - 11/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Genu Valgum:

1.	Alkaline PhosphataseIBA 05/01/2017 - "The proband was a 5-month-old boy with multiple skeletal dysplasia (koilosternia, bending deformity of both radii, and knock-knee deformity of both knees), feeding difficulty, reduction in body weight, developmental delay, recurrent pneumonia and respiratory failure, and a significant reduction in blood alkaline phosphatase. " 09/01/1986 - "The characteristic features (genu valgum, rickets, short stature, increased renal phosphate excretion, decreased serum phosphorus level, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level, and normal serum calcium level) were comparable to those in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. "
2.	tributyl phosphate (TBP)IBA 12/03/2022 - "We retrospectively reviewed 73 skeletally immature limbs with idiopathic genu valgum treated with PETS or TBP. " 04/01/2022 - "All patients with SKD with genu valgum treated by TBP at the distal femur or/and proximal tibia at a single center were reviewed. " 11/01/2019 - "This review assesses the outcomes of hemiepiphysiodesis in patients with idiopathic genu valgum (IGV) treated with physeal staples vs tension-band plating (TBP). " 07/01/2018 - "The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of angular deformity correction by percutaneous hemiepiphysiodesis using transphyseal screw (PETS) or tension-band plating (TBP) in growing children with idiopathic genu valgum with emphasis on the rate of deformity correction. " 04/01/2022 - "Risk factors for developing a rebound deformity after correction of genu valgum using TBP in SKD included male sex, TBP surgery at a young age, short duration of TBP implantation, overcorrected extremity (mechanical axis deviation ≤1), and high percent growth velocity after TBP removal. "
3.	mesoglycanIBA 03/01/2022 - "A systematic research was conducted of PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar to identify studies reporting the correction and clinical outcome following V osteotomy in adolescents and young adults (10-25 years) for genu valgum by 2 different authors according to PRISMA guidelines. "
4.	Vitamin DFDA LinkGeneric 05/11/2016 - "A 16-year-old boy with widening of the large joints of the extremities and bilateral genu valgum had been extensively treated with oral vitamin D, with little clinical benefit. " 02/07/1974 - "Letter: Bowlegs, knock-knees and vitamin D status in schoolchildren." 01/01/2022 - "Vitamin D intoxication (VDI) usually develops due to inappropriate use of vitamin D in high doses by the families of infants with complaints suggestive of vitamin D deficiency such as delayed teething, knock knees, or delayed walking. " 01/01/2023 - "We describe a 10-year-old girl presenting with genu valgum and a history of renal stones due to hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH), a rare inherited form of rickets characterized by high 1,25 vitamin D levels, hypophosphatemia with inappropriate renal phosphate wasting, and hypercalciuria. "
5.	Phosphates (Orthophosphate)IBA 12/01/2018 - "We report a 26-year-old man with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets who showed decreased serum phosphate accompanied by bilateral genu valgum and short stature. " 01/01/2020 - "Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria (HHRH) Presenting with Genu Valgum Deformity: Treatment with Phosphate Supplementation and Surgical Correction." 01/01/2023 - "We describe a 10-year-old girl presenting with genu valgum and a history of renal stones due to hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH), a rare inherited form of rickets characterized by high 1,25 vitamin D levels, hypophosphatemia with inappropriate renal phosphate wasting, and hypercalciuria. " 09/01/1986 - "The characteristic features (genu valgum, rickets, short stature, increased renal phosphate excretion, decreased serum phosphorus level, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level, and normal serum calcium level) were comparable to those in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. "
6.	CalciumIBA 01/01/1979 - "1. Calcium turnover was determined after intravenous injection of radioactive 47Ca in patients with fluorosis and endemic genu valgum and in age-matched controls. " 05/01/1998 - "PTH bone disease) and bony leg deformities (genu valgum, genu varum, bowing, rotational and wind-swept) was greater (> 90%) in children with calcium deficiency as compared to < 25% in children with adequate calcium who largely had osteosclerotic form of skeletal fluorosis with minimal secondary hyperparathyroidism. " 09/01/1986 - "The characteristic features (genu valgum, rickets, short stature, increased renal phosphate excretion, decreased serum phosphorus level, elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level, and normal serum calcium level) were comparable to those in hypophosphatemic vitamin D resistant rickets. "
7.	Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone)IBA 07/01/1976 - "Circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH) were estimated in fifteen normal subjects and twenty-five subjects suffering from the skeletal fluorosis, ten of whom had associated endemic genu valgum. " 07/01/1976 - "Circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone in endemic genu valgum." 07/01/1995 - "A 12-year-old girl had a severe genu valgum deformity and osteomalacia with hypophosphatemia, hypercalciuria, and modestly elevated levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and intact parathyroid hormone. "
8.	PHEX Phosphate Regulating Neutral EndopeptidaseIBA 01/01/2020 - "We encountered a 4-year-old boy with a novel variant in the phosphate-regulating neutral endopeptidase homolog X-linked (PHEX) gene who presented with a short stature, genu valgum, and scaphocephaly. "
9.	Mutant Proteins (Protein, Mutant)IBA 03/01/2015 - "Following a retrospective analysis of all of them a skeletal phenotype associated with short stature, hypertelorism, nose abnormalities, microcephaly, osteopenia and genu valgum, independent of both the type of mutation and the presence of the mutant protein was identified. "
10.	Estrogen Receptor alphaIBA 02/28/2010 - "ERalpha disruption in human males results in delayed epiphyseal maturation, tall stature, trabecular thinning, marked cortical thinning, genu valgum and significantly reduced cortical vBMD, but trabecular number is preserved and there is normal to increased periosteal expansion. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Osteotomy 05/01/2020 - "Distal femoral varus osteotomy is promising and useful in the management of patellofemoral instability with genu valgum. " 07/01/2017 - "This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of cheveron osteotomy in cases with genu valgum in our department from 2005 to 2012. " 12/01/2018 - "Combined distal femoral osteotomy (DFO) in genu valgum leads to reliable patellar stabilization and an improvement in knee function." 07/01/2017 - "For severe genu valgum in EVC, joint congruity is improved by the elevation of the anterolateral aspect of the tibia through intra-articular osteotomy. " 02/01/2022 - "This study was undertaken to measure the outcome of simple oblique percutaneous wedge-less metaphyseal supracondylar osteotomy of the distal femur and casting in older children and adolescents with Genu Valgum in a small centre catering mostly to patients from middle and low income households. "
2.	Knee Replacement Arthroplasty (Total Knee Replacement) 01/01/2015 - "Constrained implants are frequently used for primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with moderate and severe genu-valgum (>10˚). " 12/01/2008 - "Total-knee arthroplasty and alignment osteotomy are well studied for genu valgum. " 09/22/2015 - "Erratum to: Improved femoral component rotation in advanced genu valgum deformity using computer-assisted measured resection total knee arthroplasty." 09/02/2015 - "Improved femoral component rotation in advanced genu valgum deformity using computer-assisted measured resection total knee arthroplasty." 11/01/2000 - "The purpose of the current study was to review results of primary constrained condylar knee arthroplasty in elderly patients with genu valgum deformity. "
3.	Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction 01/01/2019 - "The objective of this study was to determine whether Division I athletes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), and who are medically cleared to return to sport, demonstrate faulty knee mechanics during a change of direction maneuver, as evidenced by the presence of genu valgum on VICON® motion analysis system of 5° or greater. " 06/01/2023 - "Simultaneous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and implant-mediated guided growth to correct genu valgum in skeletally immature patients."
4.	Knee Prosthesis 04/01/2022 - "It can maintain a normal joint line level, reduce the use of constrained condylar knee prostheses, and is a reliable choice for severe genu valgum." 12/01/1997 - "[Complete knee prosthesis in severe genu valgum. " 11/01/2000 - "The use of the Constrained Condylar Knee prosthesis for elderly patients with low physical demands with genu valgum resulted in significant pain relief and improved function."
5.	Parathyroidectomy 12/19/2022 - "Corrective surgery is planned for the genu valgum deformity which markedly improved after parathyroidectomy. "